652 ANGIOSPERMAEDICOTYLEDONES 



bell, the number of insects to which the nectar is accessible is necessarily more 



limited. 



Purely female stocks were observed by Ljungstrom in Sweden (Bot. Not., Lund, 



p. 675). 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following list. 

 A. Diptera. (a) Empidae : 1. Empis livida Z., freq., skg. (Budd.). (b)Muscidae: 



2. Cynomyia mortuorum Z., skg. (Budd.). (c) Syrphidae\ 3. Eristalis arbustorum L., 

 skg. and po-dvg. (Budd.); 4. E. tenax Z., freq., skg. and po-dvg. (H. M.). B. Hy- 

 menoptera. Apidae : 5. Andrena gwynana K. $>, skg. (Budd.) ; 6. Apis mellifica 

 Z., 5, freq., skg. (Budd.); 7. Bombus agrorum F, do. (H. M. and Budd.); 8. B. 

 lapidarius Z. 5 and J, do. (H. M. and Budd.) ; 9. B. terrester Z. 5, skg. (H. M. and 

 Budd.); 10. Chelostoma nigricorne Nyl. S, do. (Budd.); 11. Coelioxys conoidea ///. 

 $, do. (Budd.) ; 12. Halictus albipes F. J, do. (Budd.); 13. H. cylindricus F. & and 

 5, do. (H. M. and Budd.); 14. H. leucozonius Schr. 5, do. (Budd.) ; 15. H. sexnotatus 

 K. 5, do. (Budd.); 16. Megachile lagopoda K. t> and 5, do. (Budd.); 17. Osmia 

 fulviventris Pz. $, po-cltg. (H. M.); 18. Psithyrus barbutellus K. J, skg. (Budd.); 19. 

 Stelis aterrima Pz. 5, do. (H. M. and Budd.). C. Lepidoptera. (a) Pyralidae: 

 20. Eurycreon verticalis Z., skg. (H. M.). (b) Rhopalocera : 21. Hesperia comma Z., 

 skg. (Budd.); 22. Melanargia galatea Z., freq., skg. (Budd.); 23. Pieris napi Z., skg. 

 (H. M.); 24. P. rapae Z. (H. M.). (c) Sphingidae: 25. Zygaena carniolica Scop., freq. 

 (Budd.); 26. Z. filipendulae Z., do. (Budd.); 27. Z. minos S.-V., do. (Budd.). 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. 



Knuth (Fohr), 4 bees, 3 Lepidoptera, and 2 hover-flies. Loew (Brandenburg), 

 the Conopid Conops quadrifasciatus Deg., skg. (' Beitrage,' p. 39). Wustnei (' Marsch ' 

 of Schleswig-Holstein), the humble-bee Bombus cullumanus (K.) Ths.; Alfken 

 (Bremen), the bee Megachile centuncularis Z. 5, skg. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 

 2 humble-bees Bombus soroe'nsis F. J, and B. confusus Schenck, H. de Vries 

 (Netherlands), 3 humble-bees (1. Bombus hypnorum Z. J; 2. B. subterraneus Z. 6 ; 



3. B. terrester Z. S), and 2 parasitic humble-bees (Psithyrus rupestris F. S, and 

 P. vestalis Fourcr. J). Heinsius (Holland). A. Diptera. (a) Empidae: 1. Empis 

 livida Z. $ and 5. (b) Muscidae: 2. Scatophaga stercoraria Z. $. (c) Syrphidae'. 

 3. Melanostoma mellina Z. & B. Hymenoptera. Apidae : 4. Bombus pomorum 

 Pz. 5; 5. B. terrester Z. $; 6. Halictus cylindricus F. t; 7. H. flavipes F. $. 



1540. C. glaucus Baumg. 



Visitors. Loew observed the butterfly Melanargia galatea Z., skg., in Steiermark 

 (' Beitrage/ p. 49). 



1541. C. acanthoides L. (Herm. Miiller, ' Fertilisation,' pp. 339-40, ' Weit. 

 Beob.,' Ill, p. 83, ' Alpenblumen,' p. 417; Knuth, ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen,' 

 ' Bliitenbiol. Herbstbeob.'} The heads of this species are also bright purple in 

 colour, and more conspicuous than those of C. crispus, for (according to Hermann 

 Mtiller) the linear lobes of the bells are 7-8 mm. long. As too the nectar-containing 

 bell is somewhat wider, but less deep (2 mm.) than in C. crispus, the number of 

 visitors is greater. In other respects the flower mechanism, including the securing of 

 cross-pollination by insect-visits and the possibility of automatic self-pollination 

 should these fail, entirely agrees with those of C. crispus and Cirsium arvense. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller gives the following list for Central Germany. 



A. Coleoptera. (a) Chrysomelidae; 1. Cryptocephalus sericeus Z. (b) Cur- 

 culionidae : 2. Larinus jaceae F. ; 3. Spermophagus cardui Stev., in very large 

 numbers in the florets, (c) Elateridae : 4. Corymbites holosericeus Oliv. {d) Scara- 

 baeidae : 5. Trichius fasciatus Z. B. Diptera. (a) Conopidae : 6. Conops scutellatus 



