COMPOSITAE 665 



Visitors. Herm. Muller saw. a humble-bee and 3 Lepidoptera in the Alps 

 ('Alpenblumen/ p. 415). 



1572. C. Cyanus L. (Sprengel, 'Entd. Geh.,' pp. 371-3; Herm. Mtiller. 

 'Fertilisation,' pp. 350-1, 'Weit. Beob.,' Ill, pp. 80-1 ; Knuth, 'Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. 

 nordfr. Ins.,' pp. 96, 161 ; MacLeod, Bot Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, 

 pp. 398-401.) In this species the ray-florets are usually 8 in number, and Ludvig 

 says that they only serve to attract insects. They are sterile, and modified into 

 large outwardly directed funnels, so as to increase the diameter of the blue surface 

 of the head from 2-5 cm., rendering it conspicuous from all sides. (Cf. Plateau's 

 observations, Vol. I, p. 209.) Hermann Mtiller describes the disk-florets as having 

 a corolla-tube 5-6 mm. in length, which expands into a bell only 3 mm. deep, 

 with 5 linear lobes : nectar ascends to the base of this bell. The disk-florets 

 are not very numerous; they do not form a flat surface, but the anther-cylinders 

 project at intervals. The filaments are highly irritable. {C/. Fig. 207, p. 661.) 



Visitors. Herm. Muller gives the following list for Westphalia and Thuringia. 



A. Diptera. (a) Empidae: 1. Empis livida Z., freq., skg. (3) Syrphidae: 

 2. Eristalis arbustorum Z., po-dvg. ; 3. Helophilus pendulus Z., do. ; 4. Melithreptus 

 scriptus Z., do.; 5. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 

 6. Apis mellifica Z. jjj, freq., skg. and po-cltg. ; 7. Bombus lapidarius Z. $, skg. ; 

 8. B. syl varum Z. jjf, do.; 9. Halictus tetrazonius Klg. $, do.; 10. Megachile 

 maritima K. J, do. ; 11. Saropoda bimaculata Pz. 5, persistently skg. and po-cltg.; 

 12. Stelis breviuscula Nyl. 5, skg. (5) Sphegidae: 13. Psammophila affinis K., skg. 

 C. Lepidoptera. (a) Noctuidae : 1 4. Plusia gamma Z., skg. (b) Rhopalocera : 

 15. Lycaena aegon S.-V. J, skg. ; 16. L. damon S.-V., skg. 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. 



Knuth (North Frisian Islands and at Kiel), Apis, 3 humble-bees, a Lepidopterid, 

 and 6 hover-flies: (Riigen), all skg., a hover-fly (Volucella bombylans Z.) and 3 bees 

 (1. Apis mellifica Z. ; 2. Bombus agrorum F. ; 3. B. lapidarius Z. J and ty. Alfken 

 (Bremen), 2 bees (Apis, freq., skg., and Megachile maritima K. 5, skg.). Krieger 

 (Leipzig), the bee Halictus smeathmanellus K. Rossler (Wiesbaden), the Noctuid 

 moth Chariclea delphinii Z. Friese, in Alsace (A.), Mecklenburg (M.), Thuringia 

 (T.), and Hungary (H), 3 bees 1. Eucera hungarica Friese, not rare (H.); 

 2. Osmia claviventris Thorns. J (A., M., T., H.) ; 3. Osmia papaveris Ltr. (M. and T., 

 occasional; H.). Loew (Silesia), an Asilid (Dioctria flavipes Mg.), a Muscid 

 (Anthomyia sp.), and a bee (Apis mellifica Z. 5, po-cltg.) ('Beitrage,' p. 31). 

 MacLeod (Flanders), Apis, 2 humble-bees, an Halictus, 6 hover-flies, an Empis, 

 and 2 Lepidoptera (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 400-1). H. de Vries 

 (Netherlands), the bee Apis mellifica Z. 5 (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser.. 

 2. Deel, 1875). 



1573. C. Scabiosa L. (Hildebrand, ' U. d. Geschlechtsverhalt. b. d. Compositen/ 

 PP- 5 6 ~7; Herm. Muller, 'Fertilisation,' pp. 349-50, 'Weit. Beob./ Ill, p. 80, 

 'Alpenblumen/ p. 416; Ljungstrom, Bot. Not. Lund, 1884; Loew, 'Bliitenbiol. Flo- 

 ristik/ p. 393 ; Knuth, 'Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins. Riigen/ ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen/ 

 'Bliitenbiol. Herbstbeob.') The florets of this species are usually dull purple in 

 colour, and Hermann Muller states that their mechanism corresponds on the whole 

 to that of the hermaphrodite florets of C. Jacea. The ray-florets, however, are 

 neuter, devoid of bells, and considerably larger, their corolla-tubes being 16-22 mm. 

 in length. The nectar is even more easily accessible, for the corolla-tubes of the 



