COMPOSITAE 693 



Herm. Muller gives the following list for Westphalia (' Fertilisation/ p. 361). 

 A. Coleoptera. (a) Curculionidae: 1. Spermophagus cardui S/ev., in large 

 numbers. (6) Telephoridae : 2. Malachius sp., po-dvg. B. Diptera. {a) Conopidae : 

 3. Sicus ferrugineus Z., skg. (d) Syrphidae : 4. Cheilosia sp., po-dvg. ; 5. Eristalis 

 arbustorum Z., skg. and po-dvg., freq. ; 6. E. tenax Z., do. C. Hymenoptera. 

 Apidae : 7. Apis mellifica Z. 5, very common, skg. and po-cltg. ; 8. Bombus sp., 

 skg. ; 9. Halictus flavipes F. 5, po-cltg. ; 10. H. lugubris K. J, skg.; n. H. quadri- 

 ^inctus F. $>, po-cltg. ; 12. H. rubicundus Chr. 5, po-cltg. and skg. ; 13. Megachile 

 centuncularis Z. >, do.; 14. Nomada varia Pz. $, skg. ; 15. Osmia spinulosa K. $, 

 po-cltg. and skg. (Thuringia); 16. Panurgus banksianus K. $> and J, not very freq. ; 

 17. P. calcaratus Scop. $ and S, very common, skg. and po-cltg. D. Lepidoptera. 

 Rhopaloctra: 18. Hesperia sp., skg. 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. 

 H. de Vries (Netherlands), a humble-bee (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 



2. Deel, 1875). MacLeod (Flanders), 2 hover-flies (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 

 1893, p. 434). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), several flies (Scott-Elliot, 'Flora of 

 Dumfriesshire,' p. 103). 



1647. S. asper Hill. The florets of this species are yellow in colour. 

 Visitors. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 



stated. 



Herm. Muller (' Weit. Beob.,' Ill, p. 96). A. Diptera. Muscidae : 1. Anthomyia 

 sp., po-dvg. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae : 2. Chelostoma campanularum Z. J, skg. ; 



3. Coelioxys rufescens Lep. $, do. ; 4. Halictus morio F. J, do. ; 5. H. smeathma- 

 nellus K. $, do. ; 6. Prosopis armillata Nyl. t>, do. ; 7. Stelis aterrima Pz. 5, do. 

 Schletterer (Pola), the bee Osmia rufohirta Ltr. MacLeod (Flanders), 2 short- 

 tongued bees, 3 hover-flies, 2 Muscids and a Lepidopterid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, 

 Ghent, v, 1893, p. 433). Alfken (Juist), the bee Dasypoda plumipes Pz. S. Verhoeff 

 (Norderney), the humble-bee Bombus lapidarius Z. &. 



503. Crepis L. 



Florets yellow. The whole outer surface of the stylar branches covered with 

 spinose sweeping-hairs, which extend down the margins of the style below the cleft, 

 as far as the anther-cylinder. The inner surfaces of the branches are beset with 

 stigmatic papillae up to their edges. Kerner says that the stylar branches of the 

 outer florets diverge and roll back so as to touch the pollen of the inner ones. In 

 addition to this geitonogamy, automatic self-pollination also takes place by elongation 

 of the ligules and the consequent raising of the pollen adhering to them, until it is 

 brought into contact with the stigmatic papillae. 



1648. C. biennis L. (Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 747.) Kirchner says 

 that the golden-yellow florets of this species are aggregated into heads of which the 

 upper surface is 35-40 mm. broad when expanded. The corolla-tube is 5 mm. and 

 the ligule 12-16 mm. long. The stylar branches ultimately roll back into a spiral 

 of two turns, so that in the absence of insect visitors automatic self-pollination 

 necessarily takes places. 



Visitors. Herm. Muller observed the following (' Fertilisation,' p. 353, ' Weit. 

 Beob.,' Ill, pp. 93-4). 



A. Coleoptera. (a) Chrysomelidae: 1. Cryptocephalus sericeus Z., dvg. the 

 anthers (Thuringia). (5) Nttidultdae : 2. Meligethes, in large numbers. B. Diptera. 



