20 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND. 



determined to have a little sleep, carefully keeping his 

 weather eye open. The weather eye had refused, how- 

 ever, not to share in the general indulgence ; and he had 

 only slept for about ten minutes or a quarter of an hour 

 before the vessel reached the shore. The poor man would 

 pay dear for it, as 1 was informed that a pilot he would be 

 no more.' 



Intricate as are the channels to be followed in winding 

 through the archipelago and island -crowded waters, such 

 mishaps are of rare occurrence. The training of the 

 captains of the smallest steamers is thorough and efficient. 

 There are several Schools of Navigation in the Grand - 

 Duchy. They must have passed satisfactorily through the 

 whole course of study followed there, and prescribed ex- 

 aminations in every branch, and they must have served 

 at least six months on board a British vessel. One 

 captain with whom I sailed had been twice from Liver- 

 pool to Baltimore, and once to New York ; another had 

 been from London to India, and from London to China. 

 They, and others with whom I have sailed, spoke English 

 fluently, and in every respect had the bearing and manners 

 of educated gentlemen. 



The facilities for inland navigation are numerous, and 

 in every way satisfactory. Many of the thousand lakes are 

 connected by canals, and of these most are licensed for the 

 passage of steamers. 



There are canals licensed for steam communication 

 between the following towns: (1) On the lakes of the 

 Savolakscarelie Canal, between Joensuu, Nyslot, Will- 

 manstrand, St. Michel, Kuopia, and Idensalini. During 

 the summer not only are there tug-boats for the convey- 

 ance of passengers and goods, but there are seventeen 

 steam-boats and steam-launches, of which five come by 

 the Saitnan Canal to Wyborg, and then on to St. Peters- 

 burg. There are two departures weekly to and from 

 Wyborg and Kuopia, and Wyborg and Joensuu. (2) On 



