130 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND. 



Forest-Masters, and the whole service is placed under the 

 Economic Department of the Senate. By this Forest 

 Administration, after due consideration, there was estab- 

 lished the system of management finally adopted and now 

 followed. The L>irector-in-chief, who is at the head of the 

 Forest Administration, has the sole and complete control of 

 the management of the forests. He is therefore required 

 by tours of inspection to make himself acquainted with 

 the state and condition of the forests in the several divi- 

 sions of the country, and with the work and the efficiency 

 of the forest officials in the discharge of their duties. 

 The Engineer determines the measures to be adopted in 

 the management of the forests, sees to the execution of 

 these, determines divisions, and prepares charts of the 

 Crown forests, and exercises, under the Director-in-chief, 

 the control and regulation of the Forest Administration. 

 The Secretary, who is required to have undergone what is 

 called the higher examination of Government officials 

 previous to appointment, has charge of the minutes and of 

 other similar documents. The Chamberlain attends to the 

 accounts of the Forest Administration, and of forest man- 

 agement, in accordance with special instructions issued 

 25th June 1869. The Forest-Masters are employed partly 

 in carrying out the plans and the work of the Forest 

 Administration, and partly in the execution of the requisite 

 work in the management of the forests. 



SECTION A. FOREST PROTECTION AND EXPLOITATION. 



The special function of the Forest-Warden is to protect 

 the forests from waste by thefts, and by the spread of 

 fire in the woods. 



There are numerous indications that the forests were 

 formerly of much greater extent than now, if they did not 

 cover the whole land. But as in Europe, so here, the forests 

 have receded in their extent before the advance of man 

 from the south ; and not until the latter half of the present 



