166 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND. 



plantations, the collecting of mineral, vegetable, and 

 zoological specimens, measuring of trees, taking levels, &c., 

 and in the floatage of trunks to a saw -mill moved by steam- 

 power which is established at Evois ; and in summer 

 the field work is prosecuted from 15th July to 1st October 

 in some one or other of the Crown forests, under the 

 direction of the Director or Principal, and one of the 

 teachers. The forest is surveyed, measured, described, and 

 inventoried, with detailed information in regard to the 

 condition and cubic contents of the trees. This is done by 

 each student for and by himself. When I heard last this 

 was being done in the parish of Salmis, on the border 

 of the Russian government of Olonetz. In the month of 

 October they are exercised in taking levels for the making 

 of new roads, and for the draining of lakes and marshes, 

 and also exercised in what relates to the chase. And in 

 the winter each student devises a complete plan of opera- 

 tions such as he considers appropriate to the forest sur- 

 veyed, again as in the forest, preparing by himself in the 

 Institute the charts, inventories, estimates, and scheme of 

 operations to be prescribed. In this way are prepared 

 every year diagrams, &c., of from 2000 to 5000 tunnland 

 of forest. 



At the National Exhibition held in Moscow, in the 

 summer of 1882, there was exhibited a chart of the forest 

 in connection with the Institution, indicating the manage- 

 ment followed, and the distribution of the different kinds 

 of trees growing, and the forest masses in which they 

 grow. It had been originally produced for actual surveys 

 as an exercise of the students in the Institution on a scale 

 of 1-80 (the scale usually followed in Finland), and 

 extended on a scale of 1-2000. 



As has been stated in the preceding chapter, the object 

 which the advanced forest economy of Europe seeks to 

 accomplish is three-fold : first, to secure a sustained pro- 

 duction from the forests ; second, to secure along with 

 this an amelioration of their condition; and third, a repro- 

 duction of them by self-sown seed when felled. The plan 



