176 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND. 



principally upon its consistence and its moisture, which 

 varies much, and is affected considerably by the quality of 

 the layers of humus. These are exposed to accidental 

 changes, occasioned by the forest fires which are so fre- 

 quent in Finland. In the lands which have been long 

 exposed to the sunshine, or devastated by fires, they rarely 

 have a depth exceeding five millemetres; k in lands well 

 conserved they vary in depth from three centimetres to 

 one decimeter or more.' 



SECTION A. CONIFEKS. 



In statistical notes by Dr K. E. F. Ignatius, Director of 

 the Bureau of Statistics, published in 1876, it is stated : 

 'Apart from the cultivated plants, and, perhaps, even 

 without excepting these, the principal wealth of Finland 

 consists of her forests. 



'Amongst the different kinds of trees of which these 

 forests are composed may be reckoned the following : 



' The pine (Pinus sylvestris), the tree by far the most 

 extensively diffused and the most productive. It is found 

 throughout the whole country, except the extreme north, 

 where it ceases to make its appearance, at one part in the 

 neighbourhood of Kelottijarvi (68 30'), at another part a 

 little to the north of the lake Enare (69 30'), while along 

 water courses it may be traced still further north to the 

 confluence of the Utsjoki and the Tana (69 55'), but 

 there it is very stunted. 



The tree, it may be mentioned, is called in Finnish, 

 Mantzpetaja Honka ; in Russ, Sosna ; in Swedish^ Tall 

 Fur or Fura; in Norwegian and Danish, Fure; in German, 

 Kiefer, Fdhre, Forche, Forle, Fuhre ; in Dutch, Pijnboom; 

 in French, Pin Sylvestre; in Italian, Pino, Pino comune, 

 Pino sylvestre ; in Spanish, Pino ; in Portuguese, Pinheiro ; 

 in English, Scots Fir. 



At the National Exhibition held in Moscow in 1882 



