FORESTS AND FOREST TREES. 181 



viously cleared of trees by the burning of forests which had 

 covered them. The Betula cerrucosa attains to the same 

 northern limits as the fir ; but the Betula glutinosa is still 

 met with frequently, although stunted, to the extreme north 

 of Finland, which is much beyond this/ 



The wavy-leaved alder (Alnus incand) is common, 

 excepting in the north ; it is found generally mixed with 

 other kinds of trees ; but in some districts it forms forests 

 which are pretty extensive. 



The other indigenous trees are more met with in groups 

 of such extent as to form woods the willow (Salix caprea), 

 the mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia), the bird cherry 

 (Prunus padus), are all pretty common; the small-leaved 

 lime tree .(Tilia parvi folia), which is met with growing wild 

 up to 63 40', the Norway maple (Acer platanoides), the 

 elm (Ulmus campestris), the ash (Fraxinus excelsior), the 

 crab apple (Pyrus mains], the Lapland service tree (Sorbus 

 fennica), are all met with only in the south of Finland, 

 and are rare even there. The shrubs and bushes are not 

 very numerous; amongst others there are these, the jum- 

 per (Juniperus commitnis), the yew (Taxus baccata), the 

 dwarf birch (Betula nand), the osier (Salix), of which there 

 are found in Finland some twenty varieties; the hazel 

 (Corylus avellana), which is found so far north as 61 40'; 

 the guelder rose (Viburnum opulus), the berry-bearing 

 buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula), the fly lonicera (L. Xylos- 

 teuni), the Alpine currant (Ribes alpinum) the raspberry 

 (Rubus idaeus),ihQ black currant (Ribes nigrum) all which 

 extend so far north as 67 20' ; and the gooseberry, which 

 grows luxuriantly, to the northern extremity of Fin- 

 land. 



Besides the indigenous trees and bushes which we 

 have mentioned there are found in Finland a great many 

 others which have been brought from other countries and 

 acclimatised. The following kinds of trees are found 

 interspersed among others, but they rarely constitute 



