FORESTS AND FOREST TREES. 183 



people of the Grand Duchy. There were baskets, or a sort of 

 bag, for carrying provisions on a journey, or that of workmen 

 in the open air at a distance from their homes, and others 

 for holding provisions of different kinds in the house; 

 sheaths for bottles requiring protection in transport, boxes 

 of different kinds, toys for children, and shoes. To other 

 like uses I have seen in the northern forests of Russia this 

 bark applied. 



Of the white birch (Betula alba L.) there were exhibited 

 at Moscow four sections of trunks, one from Evois (61 15'), 

 and another from Viitasaari (63), of neither of which were 

 details given ; the third from Tornea (lat. 66 35') was of 

 a tree 70 years of age, 24 feet in height, and 7'5 inches in 

 diameter ; and the fourth from Munio (68 TO') was of a 

 tree 87 years of age, 42 feet in height, and 7'5 inches in 

 diameter. 



The smooth dwarf birch (B. nana) is found throughout 

 the country, and is more especially common in the north. 

 It is a small shrub or bush. 



The hoary-leaved alder (Alnus incana Willd.) is also 

 found everywhere. It is very common up to the neigh- 

 bourhood of 65 ; further to the north it only grows on 

 the margins of lakes and rivers. It forms considerable 

 forest masses in the districts in which the land is culti- 

 vated by Svedjande or Sartage. 



The common alder (-4. glutinosa Willd.) is found up to 

 64 ; on the west coast it is found even to 65 , but there 

 it is only a shrub, and very rare. It likes water, and it is 

 often seen lining the margins of lakes. 



The aspen (Populus tremula L.) is found everywhere; and 

 it is pretty common excepting in the far north, where it 

 becomes rare. Of the aspen there were exhibited at 

 Moscow transverse sections from Fiskars, 60 8' ; from 

 Evois, 60 15', the age of the tree 37 years, the diameter 5 

 inches ; and from Pallila, 60 32', 18 inches in diameter. 



