FORESTS AND FOREST TREES. 185 



The least willow (S. herbacea L.) 



The wrinkled willow (S. recticulata) 



At Moscow were exhibited two transverse sections of 

 the great round- leaved willow (S. caprea\ one from Fiskars, 

 60 8', the other from Tornea, 660 35', the latter of a tree 

 60 years old, 18 feet high, and 4 inches in diameter; also 

 transverse sections and slabs of the bay-leaved willow 

 (S. pentandra) } and of the grey willow (S. dnerea\ both 

 from Fiskars, and sections and slabs of the following culti- 

 vated trees from the same place : the sharp-leaved willow 

 (S. acutifolia, S. buxifolia), and the common osier (S. 

 viminalis L). 



The common oak (Quercus pedunculata Ehrh.) grows in 

 the south of Finland to the neighbourhood of 60 30', 

 principally upon the coast, where it even forms, excep- 

 tionally, small forest masses. Diffused by cultivation, it is 

 met with growing wild, but very rarely, up to 61 35', and 

 near to the sea, still further to the north, as far north as 

 Wasa. To the north of Abo is a forest, if my memory 

 serves me right, of oak, about 80 miles in length, but I 

 have some misgivings in regard to the kind of tree. 



At the Moscow Exhibition were two specimens of bog- 

 wood, both of them oak, found, the one at the bottom of 

 Lake Bjornsjon (the Lake of the Bears), the other in a 

 marsh called Ekhammar (Auckland or Oakland ?), both in 

 the lands of Fiskars, and found both of them by Mr E. de 

 Julin, proprietor of the works at Fiskars. The first-men- 

 tioned, there can be no doubt, had grown on the dry bank 

 of the lake, whence it had fallen into the water. The 

 head and upper part of the tree are in a state of good 

 preservation, but the lower portion, which rested on the 

 shore, had to a great extent rotted. Judging from the 

 debris of oak wood found to the present day in the ground, 

 and the accounts of such discoveries made in times past, 

 it appears very probable that the south-west and north- 

 east shores of the lake were in times remote from ours 

 covered with large oak trees. 



