DISPOSAL OF FOREST PRODUCTS. 197 



(&.) Kloss timber, the larger 30 feet long, 22 dec. in 

 diameter ; the lesser 24 feet long, 19 dec, in thickness. 



(/.) Bottom sleepers of pine or fir trunks, with root 

 branch at an obtuse angle of 135, or at a right angle of 

 90, of which there are generally required in shipbuilding 

 three times as many of the former the obtuse angled, as 

 of the latter the right angled. In dimensions they are 

 classified thus : the larger with a length of trunk of 10 

 feet, with a root branch 2 feet long, hewn with a breadth 

 of 20 J dec., and a thickness of 1 J dec. ; the lesser with a 

 length of trunk of 8 feet, and a root branch of 1 foot long, 

 a breadth of 12 dec., and a thickness of 7J dec. 



(m.) Knees of firwood, with a strong root branch, 

 whereof can be hewn right-angled pieces, in which the 

 stem portion is double the length of the root portion, and 

 uf the following dimensions : large knees, length of stem 

 13 feet, and of root branch 6 feet, with a transverse diameter 

 of stem 3 feet from the angle of at least 15 dec., and of 

 root branch 1 J feet from the angle of at least 10 dec. ; 

 small knees, length of stem 7 feet, of root branch 3J feet, 

 and of the breadth required in the others. 



(n.) Keel roots of fir, which are also knees, the root 

 branch forming with the stem an angle of 135, the length 

 of stem 4 to 6 feet, and the transverse diameter 17 to 21 

 dec. 



From time immemorial the inhabitants of the Finnish 

 coast have been engaged in shipbuilding, and those in the 

 vicinity of Jakobstad, and of Gamla Karlely in particular, 

 have been renowned as excellent ship carpenters and 

 builders. The art of shipbuilding is attracting more and 

 more attention, especially along the south coast, where 

 every year numerous regattas excite interest, and supply 

 demonstration of the advantages of a good model. 



I have made mention of the extent to which I found 

 iron steamers employed on Lake Saima. In regard to the 

 general use now made of such vessels throughout Finland, 

 and in other forest lands in the north of Kurope; and 



