200 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND. 



from twist, with a bottom diameter of at least 8 dec. 

 They must be free from twist or shake in the fibre. 



7. Kail and fence wood. Under this head may be 

 reckoned such pine and fir trees, of straight and otherwise 

 good-conditioned stems, as are felled in the prosecution of 

 thinning operations, having a bottom diameter of from 3J 

 to 7 dec. Railwood should have a length of at least 24 

 feet, and fencewood a length of at least 16 feet. 



8. Poles of firwood, the produce of thinning, with a 

 bottom diameter of from 1 \ to 3 dec. 



9. Hoopwood, &c., brushwood, the produce of thinning 

 young woods. 



Besides these are mentioned 



10. Tarwood of fir or pine. As pine wood from 15 to 

 20 years' growth is cut down in thinning, the wood which 

 is not fit to be used as firewood may be barked, and at 

 befitting times be removed and used in the preparation of 

 tar. All such may be reckoned and designated tarwood. 



11. Charcoal and firewood. All the wood which cannot 

 be brought within one or another of the classes named. 



Carpentry work for machinery and buildings is executed 

 in part in workshops attached to great establishments, but 

 in part at separate establishments. Mr II. Heimberger, at 

 Helsingfors, has a large mechanical carpentry workshop, 

 in which the motive power is steam. Besides this there 

 are some thirty cabinetmakers' establishments, but these 

 can scarcely be described otherwise than as simple work- 

 shops. There were enumerated in 1873 649 carpenters 

 and 171 turners in the country, of whom only 94 carpen- 

 ters and 43 turners carried on their work in towns. 



The people often themselves do the simple carpentry 

 work they require, such as the making of doors, window- 

 frames, lintels, casements, furniture, &c. The population 

 of the East Bothnian portion of the Government of Wasa 

 are famous for their skill in carpentry, as they are for 

 their skill in all manual arts. In the environs of Nystad 

 the manufacture of wooden vessels, such as tubs, pails, 



