LITERATURE OF FORESTRY. 225 



have appeared in various journals and gazettes, and in 

 the Finska Forstfoereningens Meddelanden, the Journal of 

 the Finnish Forest Society, a society of which he was the 

 founder, and is the President, and the conductor of the 

 journal. Amongst the longer and more important papers 

 from his pen which have appeared from him in this 

 periodical is one On the Pruning of Trees, a reprint of 

 which, in the Swedish and Finnish languages, has 

 appeared ; and another On the international position of 

 Finland in regard to forest production, with tables of the 

 trade of Europe at the present time in wood, and articles 

 made from wood. But the most important of all is a 

 monogram on the Pinus siLvestris, the first of a series on 

 the forest trees of Finland, described from a forestal point 

 of view, f inlands Traedslag I Forstligt Haenseende Beskrifua. 

 It is a monograph occupying an entire number of the 

 journal, some 200 pages. It is the most special treatise 

 on this tree which has yet been published, and is 

 illustrated by representations of pines characteristic of 

 those of Finland, and more especially of the northern part 

 of the country. It is shown that the race of the Pinus 

 silvestris in Finland appears to be very superior when 

 compared with those of Central Europe, as for example 

 of Germany, and that seeds imported thence cannot 

 stand the climate of the north. It is stated that this tree 

 is the most dominant one of Finland : more than 0'9 of the 

 entire surface is covered with it. But the Norway spruce 

 is gaining ground every year; and it is alleged that 

 throughout the whole of the north of Europe there is year by 

 year coming on a time, within perhaps a century from the 

 present, when the spruce (Pinus abies, Linn.), will be the 

 dominant tree. This phenomenon of regeneration, or 

 rather of succession, is to be met with everywhere in 

 Scandinavia, as in Finland and in Russia, on to the Ural 

 Range, and even beyond these mountains. 



The second volume of the series, a monograph on the 

 spruce, will, I am informed, be published within a year 

 from the present time. 



