GEOLOGY. 267 



geography. The shapes of Gottland and Oland are like the 

 Wenem and Wettern lakes: the main coast lines from 

 Stockholm to Carlskroner cut Meridians diagonally as 

 the lakes do. These lines have reference not to the hills 

 but to the coast. 



' At Stockholm oaks flourish on ice-ground rocks ice- 

 grooves abound but they do not point at the nearest hills. 



' The coast up to Umea is a copy of the coast below 

 Stockholm. Many islands in the gulf are piles of boulders, 

 half in, half out, of the water, and all the rocks, without 

 exception, are like low islands on the opposite Norwegian 

 coast, which are all of one pattern.' 



At a subsequent date he adds, ' On the 25th of July 

 crossed the gulf to Wasa in Finland. 



' The country and the people on the Russian side seem 

 to be identical with Sweden and Swedes. Lakes, trees, 

 rocks, and large wandering stones characterised both sides. 

 I could not find striae that indicated the direction in which 

 ice had last moved over these rocks; but the grindin^- 

 engine did not seem to have moved from the opposite 

 mountains of Scandinavia.' 



From this it will be seen that he was disposed to sup- 

 pose that the ice marks in Finland may be attributable to 

 floating ice. 



In reference to high land in Norway, it is said by him : 

 ' Taking the Fjaerland glacier as a small working example 

 of a local ice-system, easily visited and easily understood, 

 the larger system from which it falls is comprehensible ; 

 and neighbouring systems are found to work on one plan. 

 Starting from marks which are under moving ice, near 

 Bergen, they lead to a large local system in Southern 

 Norway, and to one still larger which covered the southern 

 half of the peninsula below lat. 64, and cumbered the 

 Baltic and North Sea with floating ice. The very same 

 forces heat and weight, move these land-ice systems now 

 that they are little, that moved them when they were big. 

 1 The lesson taught by these two blocks of high land in 



