FOREST EXPLOITATION IN UFA. 35 



growing trees from fifty to sixty standards on every hec- 

 tare, but this was abandoned on the ground that these 

 standards were virtually bastard timber trees ; and by 

 some there has been advocated the reservation of a certain 

 number of veritable balliveaux, reserved trees to supply seed. 

 By Professor Bagneris in his Manuel de Sylviculture, pub- 

 lished in 1873, it is remarked that the coppice woods 

 treated thus were at that time little known, and had 

 perhaps not been sufficiently studied. Thus may the 

 diversities mentioned be accounted for. 



With the explanations cited M. Guinier proceeds to 

 state what reserves he would propose. These are : 



1. Anciens ; Modernes ; Balliveaux de I' Age N., which 

 are designations given respectively to trees left after one 

 complete revolution of successive fellings ; trees left after 

 of these ; and trees left after three or more ; and, 



'2. All underwood composed of spreading shoots or 

 bushy suckers, and of all shoots below a prescribed 

 measurement at a height of four inches. 



Several explanations and illustrations of what is meant 

 are given ; and in regard to advantages to be secured, he 

 says : ' These are the following : 



' 1. Sufficient shelter; and this as complete as may be 

 required according to circumstances, is secured for the 

 stumps, by the reserving of underwood and balliveaux ; 



1 2. The maintenance on the slumps (save with an 

 exception always restricted) of twigs belonging to the 

 underwood and the balliveaux^ serving to keep up the flow 

 of sap ; 



' 3. An advance of many years increase obtained by the 

 reserving of the underwood ; 



' 4. The embroussaillement of felling proper to prevent 

 damage done by cattle, and resulting also from the reser- 

 ving of the underwood. 



'These are advantages which ic is sought to secure by 

 the old method of Furetage, and they are common to both 

 methods ; the following, on tho contrary, pertain exclu- 



