18 FORESTRY IN POLAND. 



' Between 1796 and 1807 the separation of forests into 

 blocks was commenced. And in 1808 the French civil 

 code, with its enactments regarding the working of forests 

 was introduced.' 



In 1858 Baron von Berg, Oberforstrath in Saxony, was 

 applied to professionally to examine and report on the 

 state of the forests and of forest management in Finland. 

 Thereafter he was applied to to do the same in 

 Poland; and he embodied his views in Denkschrift ilber 

 das Forst- Wesen in Polen, which was published in Leipsic 

 in 1864 or 1865. Thereafter there was introduced into 

 the management of the forests the German methods of 

 treatment, but, as a forest official remarked to me with a 

 shrug, the principles are the same ; but the application of 

 them, controlled by circumstances, soil, situation, climate, 

 forest products, &c., is one thing in Germany, it is a very 

 different thing in Poland, and necessarily so. According 

 to Herr Krause the estimates for all forest operations 

 must be prepared some years beforehand. Every forest 

 must be surveyed, and charts of it mapped out to a scale 

 of 1 = 20,000, in which one English mile would be 

 represented by about an inch. Smaller plans must also 

 be prepared to a scale of three miles to an inch. A block 

 coincides, as a rule, with the district perambulated by one 

 under-forester. Each block is divided into four divisions, 

 and each division is subdivided into fifteen compartments. 

 In each compartment all the trees are intended to be as 

 nearly as possible of one age or varying by not more than 

 thirty years. An interval of thirty years is allowed after 

 maturity for seeding and ensuring natural reproduction. 

 Each division, if perfect according to plan, should contain 

 fifteen different classes, or ages, of timber. This implies 

 for each division, as also for the whole block or forest, that 

 each tree should be felled between the ages of 120 and 

 150 years. The rotation of felling, instead of being- 

 directed, as is most usual, from east to west, proceeds in 

 regular order in each division, from south-east towards the 



