26 FORESTRY IN POLAND. 



trees being left in each felling to resow the ground and 

 give shelter to the seedlings. By these reserved trees there is 

 secured the natural reproduction of the forests in connec- 

 tion with the sustained production of the same, and by 

 them shelter required by the seedlings is supplied ; but as 

 these advance in growth their being overtopped would 

 prove a hindrance to their growth. All that is desirable 

 is such shade as might be supplied by the shadow of the 

 tree passing over them as the sun advances in his course ; 

 and all the baliveaux excepting such as might sufficient to 

 yield this are removed. Subsequently these also may be 

 removed with benefit to the new repeuplement, and they 

 also are removed. To the new repeuplement it is also 

 advantageous that from time to time they should be 

 thinned; and this is done either at the time that 

 baliveaux are being felled, or at other times. By these suc- 

 cessive operations there is combined with the natural 

 reproduction a progressive amelioration of the forest ; and 

 the products of these operations are taken into account 

 along with the products of the regular fellings in reckon- 

 ing the periodic produce. 



Besides these extraordinary products of thinnings, &c., 

 added to the ordinary products of the regular fellings, it 

 occasionally happens that a storm or a fire occasions such 

 devastation that some, or many, or all of the trees must be 

 cleared away, and an estimated average of the additional 

 wood thus supplied for the market enters into the estimate 

 of the periodic produce. 



The skill of the forest agent entrusted with the work is 

 seen in his so apportioning and allotting the fellings in the 

 division assigned to the period, and the thinnings over the 

 whole area of the forest, so as best to secure the three objects 

 aimed at sustained production, progressive amelioration, 

 and natural reproduction. While this operation supplies 

 ample scope for the exercise of skill, instruction is given 

 in the School of Forestry of the country in regard to the 

 means of doing what is required. The instructions I cite 

 not here, but content myself with reporting what is done in 



