AREA, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT, &c. 51 



such as those of Plotsk, Lajnoss, Kshepitsk, and others, it 

 would have been commercially advantageous to have sold 

 the wood cut. 



' The sale of wood from Crown forests was formerly made 

 at a fixed price. Sales by auction were only made in 

 exceptional cases, but within the last two or three years 

 this has become the principal mode of sale. And thus the 

 income from some forests has been increased 20 per cent. ; 

 but there are not a few forests the income from which has 

 been diminished. 



' This may be attributed to the circumstance that the 

 general order issued to the local Forest Administration 

 by the Central Administration was not given in detailed 

 directions ; and the administrators of forest estates, which 

 could only command a local sale to the rural population 

 around, had to sell much of the produce by auction to 

 greater buyers, as they had more produce than supplied 

 the local requirements, and it was of considerable value. 

 The Central Administration having approved of the sub- 

 division of sales, this was tried, but the sales were held in 

 but a few places, and were made solely as an experiment, 

 and the small consumers were not accustomed to buy 

 standing trees direct from the Crown, but to get their 

 wood from middlemen, who were Jews with capital at 

 command. The good effects of auction sales have not yet 

 developed themselves. 



' The accessory preparations from forest products have only 

 been manufactured to a limited extent in Poland. The 

 fabrieks met with are principally of tar, and are on the 

 model of those used a hundred years ago small and incon- 

 venient, and when there are any of a larger and more 

 comprehensive character, as for example, about Brok and 

 Yishkoff, they are pointed out as something remarkable. 

 The making of birch tar and lampblack is carried on to a 

 limited extent. Bark for use in tanning is collected more 

 in private forests than in those of the Government ; but 

 from the long time required for its production, and the 



