124 FORESTRY IN LITHUANIA. 



desatins of forests, or 0*05 desatins of crown forests, per 

 inhabitant. The annual fellings in the crown forests 

 yield 53'1 cubic feet, and the revenue is 147*8 kopecs per 

 desatin. 



Like the level of the Theiss in Hungary, the soil of 

 Podolen is composed of the sediment of a recent ocean, 

 in which a large proportion of vegetable sediment sub- 

 stance preponderates, and which, being saturated with 

 salts, needs no artifical manure to enable it to produce a 

 succession of the richest crops. The forests are extensive, 

 affording for export timber, pitch, tar, rosin, and potash, 

 and what is known as Polish cochineal. 



A great extent of Lithuania is known as White Russia, 

 while the remainder of it, along with the government of 

 Podolia, which is conterminous with the south of the 

 government of Volhinia, is known as Black Russia, and 

 to the country comprising both is given the designation 

 West Russia, while to the Ukraine, comprising the govern- 

 ments of Tchernigov, Kiev, Poltava, and Kharkov, is 

 designated Little Russia, and to the Emperor is given 

 the designation Tsar of all the Russias. 



Most of the roads in White Russia run in straight 

 lines, ditched and planted with rows of birch trees. 

 The clay cast up from each side forms the road. In dry 

 weather they are pleasant to travel on, but liable to be 

 very dusty, and after rains they become almost impassable. 

 And the light colour of the clay, in a state of dust, may 

 have confirmed the name of White Russia given to the 

 district ; but I consider it more probable that the desig- 

 nations Black and White Russia were given in consequence 

 of the dark hue given to some districts by abounding pine 

 trees and oaks, and the white colouring given to other 

 districts by the bark of abounding birches. 



' In most of the towns which I visited in White Russia/ 

 says Dr Pinkerton. writing of journeyings more than fifty 

 years ago, but there changes take place but slowly, ' a 



