xi PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS 547 



Remove the caecum together with a small portion of the ileum and 

 colon, wash it out by directing a stream of water through it, distend 

 with water (it is better to harden it first with formaline) and examine in 

 a dish of water ; with the scissors cut away a piece of the wall here and 

 there, between the constrictions and in the appendix. Note : 



1. The mucous membrane ', muscular coat, vn& peritoneum. 



2. The longitudinal ridges or ruga in the stomach, and the pyloric 

 valve. 



3. The apertttre of the bile-dtict, and the villi and Peyer's patches 

 (p. 515) in the small intestine. 



4. a, The Peyer's patches and infra-colic valve in the proximal part 

 of the colon ; b, the thick lymphoid tissue in the walls of the sacculus 

 rotundus ; c, the ileo-colic aperture and valve. 



5. The spiral valve of the caecum, and the lymphoid tissue of the 

 vermiform appendix. 



6. The characters of the mucous membrane of the caecum and large 

 intestine. 



(Microscopic sections of the small intestine injected and uninjected, 

 should also be examined, compared with Fig. 39, and the villi and 

 intestinal glands noted. ) 



VII. Ligature the postcaval at the points where it enters and leaves 

 the liver : remove the entire liver, noting as you do so the aorta, 

 gullet, postcaval, hepatic veins, and phrenic veins. Sketch the liver from 

 the posterior surface. Then return to the examination of the abdomen, 

 and make out (Fig. 140) 



1. The renal and spermatic (or ovarian} arteries and veins. 



2. The caudal artery, arising from the dorsal side of the aorta. 



3. The common iliac arteries, each of which gives off an ilio -lumbar 

 branch and divides into an external and an internal iliac, the former 

 becoming continuous, beyond Poupart's ligament, with the femoral. 

 (The course of these arteries and of the corresponding veins can be 

 more easily traced after the urinogenital organs have been removed 

 see IX.) 



4. The ilio-lumbar veins, and the trifurcation of the postcaval into the 

 external iliacs and a median vein formed by the fusion of the two inter- 

 nal iliacs. 



Sketch all these vessels later, after the removal of the urinogenital 

 organs. 



VIII. Dissect away the peritoneum and fat from the kidneys, ureters, 



N N 2 



