CHAPTER XL 



IMPLEMENTS, ETC. 



THE more common tools needed, are the shove \ the spade, 

 and the hoe, for digging holes, transplanting, and cultivating 

 the ground. Tho rake is useful in mixing manures with 

 the soil for filling the remote part? -r large holes. 



INSTRUMENTS. 



The pruning-kmfe, fig. 47, is a large hooked knife, for 



removing useless branches. 

 The pruning-saw is needed 

 in taking off larger limbs ; 

 [attached to a handle seve- 

 Fig. 47. ral feet long, it will reach 



those at a distance from the ground. The direction of the 



teeth should be the re- 

 verse of the common 

 saw ; that is, they should 

 Fig. 48. point towards the ope- 



rator, constituting what is called the draw^saw, fig. 48. Be- 

 ing thus only subject to a pulling strain, it does not require 



so thick a blade as a 

 thrust-saw, with tip 

 teeth in the usual wa 

 For this reason, it * , 

 less liable to become 

 broken or twisted. The 

 r- 49. b&w-saw, fig. 49, is a 



light saw for cutting near the ground. 



The pruTiing chisel may differ but little from those of a 



common carpenter, fixed 

 to the end of a long pole 

 "or handle, for cutting off 

 small branches at a con- 

 siderable height. It is 

 placed against a lirab, and the stroke of a malkt separates it 



