above that of the lawyer. A man may be but a mere lawyer, or a mere physi- 

 cian, or a mere farmer ; they may know but the art alone of their respective pur- 

 suits, but the legal maxim, that he knows not the law who knoweth not the 

 reason thereof, is as applicable to the industrial pursuits as to the professional. 



In recent years the progress of the arts has been rapid, "and men," says the- 

 author of Friends in Council, " are not agitated as they used to be by specula- 

 tive questions, for the material world has opened out before us, and we cannot 

 but look at it, and must play with it and work at it." This material world can 

 be opened out before us only through the sciences. Hence it is that no indi- 

 vidual can intelligently pursue any one of the arts as an occupation without an 

 acquaintance with science. Nor can any one limit his knowledge of science to 

 the single art he follows, for the same principles of science are common to many 

 of the arts. Each art has not its peculiar and distinct principles. But if it 

 had, no one should limit his knowledge to it. " Man," the same writer remarks, 

 " should be desirous of expanding his own nature, and the nature of others in 

 all directions; of cultivating many pursuits; of bringing himself and those 

 around him in contact with the universe in many points; of being a man, and 

 not a machine. The sense of the beautiful, and the desire for comprehending 

 nature, are not things implanted in men merely to be absorbed in producing and 

 distributing the objects of our most obvious animal wants. If civilization re- 

 quired this, civilization would be a failure." 



"There is a theory which has done singular mischief to the cause of general 

 cultivation. It is, that men cannot excel in more things than one ; and that if 

 they can, they had better be quiet about it. Man must see things for himself: 

 he must have bodily work and intellectual work different from his bread-getting 

 work, or he runs the danger of becoming contracted, with a poor mind and a 

 sickly body." 



This is the expanded education that man requires for his proper development 

 and happiness; and if heretofore the sciences have not constituted an important 

 part of collegiate instruction in most of our institutions of learning, it has re- 

 sulted in injury to the professional classes, as well as to the exclusion of the 

 industrial classes from that instruction to which, as men, they had a right. 



The tools of the professional classes are words, and their right use has been 

 taught by disciplining the mind in the study of mathematics and literature. 

 Hence our collegiate courses of study have always regarded languages and 

 mathematics as of superior importance to the sciences. The study of the former 

 was not pursued so much for the knowledge of them as for mental discipline, 

 and hence it has passed into an axiom, that, if the student on leaving college 

 forgot his languages and mathematics, but retained his knowledge of words and 

 mental discipline, the chief purposes of his collegiate studies would have been 

 attained. The knowledge of the professional pursuits themselves was acquired 

 subsequently. Professional education, then, consisted of a knowledge of w r ords, 

 and the principles and facts pertaining to law, medicine, or divinity, joined to 

 disciplined faculties of the mind, by which these words, principles, and facts 

 were skilfully used. In all this system of instruction, scientific knowledge 

 formed either no part or an unimportant one. The usual time given to collegiate 

 instruction was too short to allow the study of all, and when the issue was one 

 of conflict, and not of union, an antagonism followed. Heretofore in the progress 

 of the conflict, the long-used course of mathematical and linguistic study has 

 held a supremacy, from the fact that the educated class has naturally adhered 

 to those studies which they themselves had acquired. 



But the progress of the sciences has, nevertheless, been uninterrupted as to 

 the few the savans in science because of the innate greatness, beauty, and 

 utility of the sciences. They are great and beautiful, for they embody all the 

 laws of nature, and unfold through them the character and purposes of every 

 action in the material world. Man finds himself in intelligent communion with 



