Popular or Scientific Animal Psychology. 7 



the following manner by scientific psychology in com- 

 paring the activity of the human soul with that of the 

 animal. We perceive in ourselves two main groups of 

 psychic processes : unconsciously adaptive and con- 

 sciously adaptive, or instinctive and intelligent processes, 

 w When an infant feels the pangs of hunger and manifests 

 this feeling by cries and signs, the connection between 

 the bodily want of food and the psychic sensation 

 thereof, between the soul's affection of uneasiness and 

 the exterior act of its manifestation by the muscles in 

 crying, is instinctive, it is unconsciously adaptive. On 

 closer attention we find, even in every-day life, a great 

 number and variety of psychic processes, in which the 

 connection of interior feelings, or of exterior percep- 

 tions, with certain ideas, affections and exterior actions, 

 is also unconsciously adaptive, independent of any act 

 of deliberation or free volition. These psychic processes 

 are the lowest and simplest forms of the activity of the 

 human soul. Consequently we must not go beyond 

 them in judging the manifestations of the psychic life 

 of animals. We are not allowed to introduce delibera- 

 tion and free volition for the sake of explanation, unless 

 these simpler, unconsciously adaptive associations, prove 

 to be inadequate. This is scientific psychology. Pseudo- 

 psychology, however, proceeds very differently. In 

 order to explain the activity of the animal soul it has 

 recourse at once to the highest psychic functions in man, 

 to the logical processes of the intellect and to the free 

 volitions of the will. The poet who idealizes may justly 

 do so, but not the philosopher, nor the naturalist who 

 reasons philosophically. 



Which actions, then, are to be called instinctive f As 



