CHAPTER III. 



WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE, AND WHAT IS INSTINCT? 



WHAT is "intelligence" ? According to the etymo- 

 logical meaning of the term, and the concept 

 hitherto attached to it by the scientific psychologists of 

 all ages, intelligence-intellect, understanding-exclusive- 

 ly signifies the power of perceiving the relations of con- 

 cepts to one another, and of drawing conclusions there- 

 from. It essentially includes the power of abstraction, 

 the faculty of collecting from a number of single repre- 

 sentations that which they all have in common, and, 

 thereby, of forming general concepts. It includes fur- 

 thermore a deliberative power which recognizes the rela- 

 tion between means and end, between a subject and its 

 actions, and, consequently, endows the intelligent being 

 with self -consciousness and with rational, free activity. 



Of late the attempt has been frequently made to 

 represent intellect and reason as two different faculties, 

 and "intellect" but not "reason" was attributed to ani- 

 mals. Yet, such a separation cannot be admitted. He 

 who is endowed with intellect, necessarily possesses 

 reason, and he who has no reason cannot have an intel- 

 lect. This is evident from the following considerations. 



In as far as it differs from intellect, reason signifies 

 the power of adapting means to ends, and of acting with 

 a certain purpose, reasonably. This meaning of the 

 word is sanctioned by general usage. It conveys noth- 

 ing beyond the power of practically adjusting one's 

 actions to the theoretical knowledge of the intellect. An- 



