What is Intelligence, and What is Instinct? 25 



rules, and the latter a power of principles, he departs 

 from the old distinction only in word. But when he 

 adds that reason is endowed with notions not acquired 

 from the intellect, he makes a new, but a wrong and 

 inconsistent statement, which he has entirely failed to 

 substantiate. Anyhow, it has no bearing on our present 

 consideration, especially as it will hardly find an advo- 

 cate among modern zoologists, who try not only to 

 derive the concepts of reason from those of the intellect, 

 but even the concepts of the intellect exclusively from 

 sensitive experience. 



Thus we are fully justified in considering intellect 

 and reason as synonymous, as far as their reality is 

 concerned. Romanes, 1 one of the most prominent rep- 

 resentatives of modern animal psychology, is of the 

 same opinion. He regards both faculties as manifesta- 

 tions of one and the same mental power of ratiocination. 

 Still he would like the term '"intellect" to be applied 

 more to the lower, and "reason" more to the higher 

 degrees of those manifestations. 



Modern animal psychology does not seem to be 

 aware of what is meant even by the lowest grade of 

 "a power of formal reasoning." Otherwise it is hard 

 to understand, how so many animal psychologists of 

 moderate tendency agree with us in mercilessly con- 

 demning those who "humanize" the psychic faculties of 

 the animal, and still ascribe to it a power of formal 

 reasoning which differs only in degree, but is essentially 

 of the same nature as that of man. They decline to 

 equip the animal with "syllogisms similar to the human," 



l ) "Animal Intelligence," p. 14. 



