Contents. 



CHAPTER V. PAGE . 



General Sense Images and the Power of Abstraction 75 



Emery's objections against an essential difference between 

 instinct and intelligence. Relation of the sensitive life of 

 perception to the spiritual life of man. The "material conclu- 

 sions" of animals. General sense images and their difference 

 from general concepts. 



CHAPTER VI. 

 Intelligence and Speech Q6 



Emery's opinions on the relation of intelligence to speech. 

 Their examination. Human speech is not the cause of intel- 

 ligence, but intelligence is the cause of speech. The pretended 

 "abstractions of the first order" in animals. Human speech 

 and the so-called language of animals. Conclusions. Emery's 

 last reply. 



CHAPTER VII. 



A Uniform Standard for Comparative Animal Psychology 124 



Smalian's objections. The pretended "gradual difference" 

 between animal and human intelligence. Can the psychic life 

 of insects be compared with that of the higher animals? 

 Sense organs and the nervous system of insects. The cortex 

 of vertebrates and the by-brain of insects. Sensitive conscious- 

 ness and spiritual self-consciousness. There is a uniform 

 critical standard for Comparative Psychology. Bethe's new 

 reflex-theory of ant life. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

 The Different Forms of Learning 149 



In view of biological facts, six different forms of learn- 

 ing have to be distinguished, three forms of self-dependent 

 learning, and three forms of learning through outside in- 

 fluence. All six forms of learning are found united only in 

 man. In animals, both in ants and in the higher mammals, the 

 third and sixth forms are missing. And as these two forms 

 alone offer a real argument for intelligence, it is untenable to 

 assume animal intelligence. 



Conclusion 169 



