40 Chapter III. 



contributed not a little to this confusion of ideas. Mani- 

 festations of spiritual faculties were understood, in the 

 scientific psychology of former times, to include those 

 psychic actions which transcend the sphere of sensitive 

 cognition and appetite : namely, intellect and free will. 

 The pseudo-psychology, however, of such men as Scheit- 

 lin, Brehm, and other "modern animal psychologists," 

 and, among them even Charles Darwin, classifies as 

 "mental activity" every act of the sensile memory, of the 

 sensile imagination, and every manifestation of the sensi- 

 tyive affections. Thus it comes to pass that popular 

 psychology speaks of an ' 'animal mind" in the same way 

 as of the "human mind." It forgets that mind ex- 

 clusively signifies a principle of mental life, a principle 

 of intelligence and of liberty. Let us restore their 

 original meaning to these terms. It has been corrupted 

 by the pseudo-psychology of our days. 



How even zoologists who are skilful observers, but 

 unable to keep free from the pernicious influence of 

 popular psychology, have been liable to fatal errors of 

 judgment in their psychological deductions, is aptly illus- 

 trated by the following example taken from Haacke's 

 "Creation of Man and His Ideals" (German, Yena, 

 1895.) In order to prove that pursuits and struggles 

 for "ideals of truth" and for knowledge of general truths 

 were to be found even in the animal kingdom, Haacke 

 relates the following interesting observation (p. 388) : 



"The Makis, a kind of animal belonging to the 

 Prosimia, are very fond of having tobacco-smoke blown 

 on to their faces. The effect of the smoke upon their 

 olfactory organs apparently calls forth an agreeable itch- 

 ing of the skin ; for, as soon as it is blown towards their 



