Examination of Some Objections. 47 



Herm. Reimarus 1 , it has become a settled truth that 

 animals possess intelligence as well as instinct. Let us 

 examine this dazzling objection. 



In the first edition of his "Lectures on Human and 

 Animal Psychology" (Leipzig, 1863, Lecture 29, P. 

 490 2 ), William Wundt writes literally as follows: "The 

 founder of modern animal psychology is H. S. Rei- 

 marus. We owe to him the establishment of the mod- 

 ern concept of "instinct." In his opinion, all actions 

 of the animal are essentially determined; he ascribes to 

 animals feelings, obscure representations, memory and 

 imagination, but denies them intelligence and reason. 

 This view of the psychic life of animals has, in the main, 

 been dominating till now, and has especially gained 

 ground in the minds of common people, although a 

 great number of writers were against Reimarus' opin- 

 ions. In their study of the psychic life of animals they 

 started from the principle : explain as much as possible 

 from analogy to the psychic life of man." In the second 

 edition, which was issued in 1892, this whole passage 

 is missing; and for good reasons. Wundt had learned 

 meanwhile that Reimarus was not the originator, but, 

 on the contrary, a decided opponent of the so-called 



*) "Allegemeine Betrachtungen ueber die Triebe der Thiere, haupt- 

 saechlich ueber ihre Kunsttriebe," 3. Ausg., Hamburg, 1773. Since the 

 issue of the first edition of this work a detailed essay on the "Animal 

 Psychology" of Reimarus has been published by Dr. Ch. Chr. Scherer 

 ("Das Thier in der Philosophic des H. S. Iteimarus," Wuerzburg, 1898. 

 See likewise "Stimmen aus Maria-L^ach," 56, 1899, 91 ff.). It entirely 

 agrees with our views on the relation of the Hamburg Philosopher to 

 modern Animal Psychology. 



2 ) The second edition of the German has been translated into 

 English by J. E. Crighton and E. B. Titchener, New York; MacMillan 

 & Co. (London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.), 1896. 



