70 Chapter IF. 



how much consciousness or self-consciousness accom- 

 panies the actions of animals, and that the so-called free 

 v/ill of man is only the play of stronger and weaker 

 motives. Therefore I admit the lawfulness of the sup- 

 position that a gradual development has taken place 

 from the soul of the animal into that of man." 



Now, it is not our intention to discuss the famous 

 question of the freedom of the human will, a question 

 which is not solved by Mr. Ziegler's assertion that 

 free will is "only the play of stronger and weaker mo- 

 tives." Nor do we take notice of his erroneous state- 

 ment that, in our view, all activities of man are gov- 

 erned by self-consciousness and free will. But we must 

 necessarily test the two principal points of his reply. 

 He states that our objections against modern animal 

 psychology arise solely from our firm adherence to 

 scholastic psychology ; that no naturalist can tell how 

 much self-consciousness accompanies the psychic ac- 

 tions of animals; and that, consequently, an essential 

 difference between human and animal faculties cannot 

 be substantiated. 



That his first assertion is erroneous has been abun- 

 dantly shown by Prof. W. Wundt, a scientist who is 

 certainly not a partisan of scholastic psychology. Nev- 

 ertheless, in the second edition of his "Lecture on the 

 Human and the Animal Soul," he has arrived at the 

 very same results as we did in regard to modern ani- 

 mal psychology. He is of the opinion, that this modern 

 definition of intelligence is due to a want of critical 

 method in interpreting an association of sense repre- 

 sentations for intelligence; he affirms that no animals, 

 the higher vertebrates not excepted, are endowed with 



