CHAPTER V. 



GENERAL SENSE IMAGES AND THE POWER OF 

 ABSTRACTION. 



OCIENTIFIC animal psychology differs from pseudo- 

 O psychology by its critical analysis of concepts, without 

 which it cannot obtain true scientific results. The 

 necessity thereof is acknowledged by prominent zoolo- 

 gists. Still only a single critic, Dr. Charles Emery, 

 Professor of Zoology at the University of Bologna, 1 

 has been found among modern zoologists who deemed 

 it worthy of attention. 



From the very outset Emery openly declares his 

 conviction that animal intelligence exists. "I am con- 

 vinced," he says, "that the mental activities of animals 

 differ chiefly in two points from those of man: i. In 

 the far inferior degree of animal intelligence ; and 2. in 

 the want of speech, an essential instrument of the human 

 power of abstraction." In spite of this preliminary 

 remark, we never met with a more thorough and accur- 

 ate criticism. We shall try to discuss it in the same 

 thorough and careful manner. 



"The exaggerated descriptions of animal intelli- 

 gence," continues Emery, "and the humanization of 

 animals by Buechner and others, made it easy for 



l .) In an article: "Instinct und Intelligenz der Thiere. Bemerk- 

 ungen zu E. Wasmann's neuestem Werke: 'Die zusammengesetzten 

 Nester und Gemischten Kolonien der Ameisen.' " ("Biologisches Cen- 

 tralblatt," 13, No. 4 und 5 [l.Maerz, 1893], S. 150 ff. See also my reply 

 in the "Biologisches Centralblatt," 15, No. 17 (1. Sept., 1895), S. 642 ff. 



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