82 Chapter V. 



were the case, he would not fail to perceive, how men 

 get meat for money, and he would arrange his behavior 

 accordingly. He would keep and hide any coin that 

 he might casually find, or he would steal from Jhis 

 master, in order to use the money in exchange for meat. 

 Then he would run to the butcher's with the coin in his 

 mouth, he would lay it upon the counter and point with 

 his paw to a specially delicious-looking sausage, he 

 would look cunningly at the owner of the tempting 

 morsel, or emit a knowing bark in order to manifest 

 his desires. I can scarcely think that Emery, or any 

 other modern animal psychologist, is able to record such 

 facts, or would even earnestly as much as venture to 

 think them possible. True, a dog can be trained to 

 fetch meat regularly from a certain butcher, and to 

 carry a basket with the money in it. But this only 

 shows, as we have previously stated in refuting Forel, 

 that man is able to impress his own intellectual conclu- 

 sions into the sensile memory of the animal by mechan- 

 ical training. Consequently it is evident, that the 

 animal has no intelligence of its own; otherwise some 

 particularly clever dog which had often undertaken 

 errands for his master, would undoubtedly have found 

 the clue to the evident connection between the money 

 and the meat, and thereupon have acted independently 

 and for his own interests. However, no dog has ever 

 done so, in spite of all possible occasions of developing 

 his so-called intelligence during the course of several 

 thousand years through his constant companionship 

 with man ; he does not do it, because he cannot; and he 

 is not able to do so, because he can only connect con- 

 crete sense representations according to the laws of in- 



