CHAPTER VI. 



INTELLIGENCE AND SPEECH. 



ACCORDING to Emery the difference between 

 /I human and animal cognition consists chiefly in 

 the possession and non-possession of speech. He dis- 

 tinctly states that sense and memory images develop 

 into genuine abstractions through oral articulation. 

 "This is the only difference. It is a mere formal one." 

 However, we have shown that the difference between 

 material and formal conclusions, between general sense 

 images and genuine abstractions is not unessential nor 

 merely exterior, but one that arises from the totally 

 different natures of the sensitive and the spiritual, of 

 the powers of cognition in the brute and in man. This 

 at once overthrows Emery's second objection concern- 

 ing the importance of speech. Still as he is by no means 

 the only one who maintains these views on the relation 

 of speech to intelligence, 1 we deem it necessary to treat 



x ) More than a century and a half ago Christian Wolff advocated 

 similar opinions. "Vernuenftige Gedanken von Gott, der Welt uiid der 

 Seele des Menschen," etc. (8 Aufl. Halle, 1741, the first edition was 

 issued 1720), No. 834: "Wir pflegen den Dingen insoweit sie einander 

 achnlich sind, und also entweder von einer Art seyn, oder zu einem 

 Geschlechte gehoeren, einerley Nahmen zu geben. Und durch Huelffe 

 dieses Xahmens sondern wir gleichsam ab, was sie mit einander gemein 

 haben. Und sind dann die Woerter oder auch andere Zeichen das Mittel 

 dadurch wir allgemeine Erkaentniss erlangen." In our opinion Wolff 

 does not wish to assert with several modern philosophers, that general 

 knowledge is a consequence of word formation, but only that its ac- 

 quirement is essentially facilitated by the latter. See No. 867: "Da die 

 Woerter zur Deutlichkeit der allgemeinen Erkaentniss dienen: hingegen 

 aber die Vermin ft sich auf die Deutlichkeit der Erkaentniss gruendet, so 

 befoerdert die Sprache oder auch der Gebrauch anderer Zeichen die den 

 Woertern gleichgueltig (gleichwertig) sind, oder sie sogar oefters ueber- 



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