Intelligence and Speech. 99 



any cry or any gesture renders a state of emotion or 

 feeling perceptible to the senses, and if such perceptions 

 be stored up in the memory, they could possibly become 

 a symbol of the psychic condition of another animal, 

 even when that condition is not outwardly manifested. 

 Consequently it is imaginable, though not strictly 

 proven, that in these memory images animals possess 

 something similar to the phonetic symbols of human 

 speech. Still, animals do not seem to have improved 

 their phonetics beyond the reproduction of emotions 

 (feelings) and other unconscious sounds. They do not 

 possess speech in the strict sense of the word." 



"Let us briefly sum up the points of our discussion. 

 The answer to the question, whether animals possess 

 instinct only, or also intelligence, depends, as we said, 

 on the definition of those mental faculties. In my view 

 we cannot deny a limited power of abstraction to ani- 

 mals. Man has advanced its boundaries further and 

 further by developing articulate speech. Now, if we 

 restrict intelligence to what can be accomplished by the 

 help of phonetic- graphic symbols of speech, then man 

 alone possesses intelligence and animals do not. If, 

 however, we wish to consider intelligence as the power 

 of gathering general concepts from the manifold images 

 gained by experience, and of using them for conscious, 

 suitable actions by combining them with present sense 

 perceptions, and if we regard as instinctive only those 

 actions which are unconsciously adaptive, then animals 

 are also intelligent, although in a limited degree" 



"Allow me for a moment to allude to the religious 

 point of view. That which distinguishes man from the 

 brute, is speech ; it alone can be regarded as God's gift. 



