100 Chapter VL 



Through the possession of speech man has attained a 

 higher development of his mind. The history of lan- 

 guage is simultaneously the history of man and of 

 human intelligence." 



The following main points can be traced in Emery's 

 exposition on the relation of speech to intelligence: 



1. The intellect of man was not only developed by 

 the help of language, but his high intelligence is the 

 consequence, not the cause of the existence of human 

 speech. 



2. Higher animals also possess abstractions of the 

 first order, and therefore they act intelligently not only 

 in appearance, but in truth. 



3. Animals possess something that can be com- 

 pared to human speech. Yet, they are devoid of speech 

 in the strict sense of the word. 



4. Not only what can be accomplished through the 

 aid of phonetic-graphic symbols of speech must be 

 regarded as intelligence, but also the power of forming 

 general concepts and the power of consciously adaptive 

 action. 



We shall shortly prove the first of these four points 

 "to be untenable. The second we have previously re- 

 futed in demonstrating that Emery's "abstractions of 

 the first order" are nothing more than general sense 

 images, complex sense representations and sensile affec- 

 tions of animal instinct. We fully acknowledge the 

 truth of the third and fourth points. But we infer 

 therefrom the very opposite conclusion : that animals 

 have no intelligence. 



Let us take up the different points as far as nec- 

 essary. 



