Intelligence and Speech. 107 



tating Van's example and fetching the label "food," 

 when she felt hungry; although, as we are told by 

 Lubbock, Patience had often seen that Van was re- 

 warded with a piece of bread for bringing that very 

 label. This "idea" did not occur to Patience, although 

 it was obviously the connecting link between the food 

 and the label ; nor did Van communicate it to her. Why 

 not? The only answer worthy of an unprejudiced 

 psychologist is : Because neither Van nor Patience pos- 

 sessed a spark of individual intelligence. The only in- 

 telligence manifest in the transaction was that of their 

 master and teacher, Sir John Lubbock. 



The experiments in the well-known case of Voit, 1 

 which prove the possibility of intellectual thought with- 

 out the help of words are of peculiar interest in our 

 present inquiry. Owing to a lesion of his skull, Voit 

 had lost his memory to such an extent that he could 

 find the names of objects present to his senses only by 

 writing them down. As he gradually grew incapable 

 of making any motion required in writing, be it of his 

 hands, feet, ot even of his tongue, he was absolutely 

 unable to find the necessary word. And, still, in this 

 state of "graphic enchainment," he perfectly understood 

 the connection between different objects, even without 

 the help of .the corresponding term. Thus being asked 

 for a word applicable to a guitar and a trumpet that 

 were shown him, he shook his head in the negative ; 

 but on being asked whether both objects belonged to- 

 gether, he immediately nodded. However, he was onlv 



r ) "Zeitschrift fuer Psychologic und Physiologic der Sinnesorgane," 

 2, 260 ff. See also Gutberlet, op. cit., p. 369. 



