114 Chapter VI. 



affections in which the activity of the sensitive appetite 

 prevails. But when sober reflection is restored, when 

 reason gains its sway and the superior appetite pre- 

 dominates, the same adults manifest their psychic life 

 by phonetic or graphic symbols which are properly ar- 

 ranged in thought and expression. They speak or write 

 a rational language according to logical and gram- 

 matical rules. This parallelism clearly shows that the 

 animal possesses only a sensile and not a spiritual per- 

 ception and appetite, and explains why its perceptions 

 and affections are never expressed by arbitrary symbols, 

 but only by those immediate and natural signs which 

 follow the instinctive laws of sensitive association of 

 representations. Moreover many animals are forced 

 by the circumstances in which they live to communicate 

 their sensitive perceptions and affections to other 

 sentient beings. A dog will scratch at a closed door 

 and bark and whine, until it is opened. Such methods 

 of communicating sensitive affections belong to the 

 same class of natural signs as the mating sounds of 

 animals, the chirping of crickets, the knocking of cer- 

 tain beetles (Anobium), or the different melodies of 

 birds. The alarm cries of certain animals against 

 enemies, and the cries by which other animals of 

 the same species are warned of impending dan- 

 ger belong to the same category. Even the so- 

 called feeler language of ants which is not immed- 

 iately connected with the propagation of species or with 

 individual needs of self-preservation, but subserves man- 

 ifold wants of social cooperation, to an extent not met 

 with in any species of higher animals, even this means 

 of communication which bears the most resemblance to 



