116 Chapter VI. 



not understand, how speech should have developed from 

 anything which animals possess, even if we granted 

 them for this sake millions of years." Would that 

 these words of Max Mueller 1 were taken into consid- 

 eration by advocates of the modern theory of evolution. 



As a matter of fact, there is a vast and momentous 

 difference between the so-called language of animals, 

 and that of man. Even Emery admits it. And we 

 fully agree with him in considering language as one of 

 the principle marks which distinguish the psychic fac- 

 ulties of man from those of the animal. But we go 

 further and assign as the reason of this difference be- 

 tween the perceptible expression of human and animal 

 psychic faculties the fact that the animals have no in- 

 telligence, that they have only a sensitive and not a 

 spritiual life, whereas man is endowed with both. 



Let us finally proceed to compare our conclusions 

 with those which Emery drew from his discussions on 

 speech and intelligence. "If," he says, "we restrict in- 

 telligence to what can be accomplished by the help of 

 phonetic or graphic symbols of sound, then man alone 

 possesses intelligence, and animals do not. But, if we 

 call intelligence the power of gathering general knoiv- 

 cdge from a number of single perceptions, and of apply- 

 ing it to consciously adaptive actions, then animals are 

 also intelligent, although in a limited degree." We are 

 very far from restricting intelligence to what can be 

 accomplished by the help of phonetic or graphic sym- 

 bols of speech. We still maintain our previous position, 

 and characterize intelligence as the power of forming 



*) "Das Denken im Lichte der Sprache" (German edition, Leipzig, 

 1888), p. 149. 



