CHAPTER VII. 



A UNIFORM STANDARD FOR COMPARATIVE ANIMAL 

 PSYCHOLOGY. 



WITHOUT entering into particulars, another critic, 

 Dr. C. Smalian 1 appreciates the importance of 

 exact definitions of instinct and intelligence. His psy- 

 chological views are closely allied to those of H. E. Zieg- 

 ler, Forel and Emery, and do not call for further discus- 

 sion at our hands. Smalian believes that the so-called 

 anthropine translation, the tendency of attributing the 

 psychic activities of man to the animal, goes beyond 

 all lawful limits, when conscious intention is assumed 

 to explain any psychic phenomena in the life of ants. 

 It cannot be denied that they have experimental knowl- 

 edge, that they are aroused to certain actions by sensi- 

 tive impulses, that they have memory images which 

 reappear with the recurrence of the stimulus that 

 originally gave rise to them (p. 37). So far we fully 

 agree with Dr. Smalian. Although he is an adherent 

 of the Darwinian theory of evolution and vigorously 

 combats our deductions from the distinction between 

 instinct and intelligence, he is fair enough to make the 

 following acknowledgment : "Wasmann's book is a 

 model of exact, scientific procedure which holds the 

 fancy chained and does not allow it to go astray during 

 his examination of natural phenomena" (p. 45). 



*) See his detailed account of the book, "Die zusammengesetzten 

 Nester und gemischten Kolonien der Ameisen" in the "Zeitschrift fuer 

 Naturwissenschaften," Vol. 67, 1894. ("Altes und Neues aus dem 

 Leben der Ameisen. Oeffentlicher Vortrag, gehalten am 18. Jan., 1894, 

 im Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein fuer Sachsen-Thueringen.") 



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