148 Chapter VII. 



standard in comparative animal psychology; for the 

 attempt to judge the psychic activities of non-vertebrate 

 animals according to a standard a priori different from 

 ghat applied to higher vertebrates, has proved a signal 

 i'ailure. Bethe pretends (p. 69), that we demand a 

 uniform and consistent standard of discrimination for 

 the psychic life of all animals only, "because he (Was- 

 rnann) must prove, that ants do not essentially differ in 

 their vital activities from higher vertebrates, and be- 

 cause he fears lest the final issue of his researches would 

 lead him to admit a progressive development of psychic 

 qualities, which places the human being, not in a cate- 

 gory of his own and different from animals, but only 

 in the highest grade of a long chain of beings subject 

 to the laws of evolution." However, in our opinion 

 the only question is not what we must prove according 

 to Bethe's fancies, but what we have actually demon- 

 strated on the ground of existing facts. Our exposi- 

 tions are not refuted by mere appeals to modern 

 views. 1 



l ) See also the Introduction to Bethe's paper, p, 36. 



