160 Chapter VIIL 



"to ape" shows that we are not allowed to assume 

 individual intelligence even in simians, if we wish to 

 give a correct explanation of their imitative impulse. 

 That the imitative power of apes is undoubtedly more 

 extensive than that of ants is principally due to the 

 greater perfection and variety of their sight perceptions. 

 But this is no argument in favor of a faculty of thought, 

 and consequently of intelligence in apes more than it is 

 in ants. On the contrary, this fourth form of learning 

 consists in all animals merely in the stimulation of the 

 imitative instinct by outer sense perceptions and is re- 

 stricted to the activity of sensile cognition and appetite. 

 5. The fifth form is that of learning by being 

 trained. It is not a self-dependent form of learning, 

 and thus it is opposed to the first three forms. It is 

 learning by foreign influence, and herein it agrees with 

 the fourth form which was learning by imitation. But 

 it differs from the latter in as far as the modifying in- 

 fluence proceeds from an intelligent being whose influ- 

 ence alters the original instinctive activity of the animal. 

 The training of animals is accomplished by two essen- 

 tially different factors. As we have seen in our discus- 

 sion of the second form of learning, we have sensile 

 cognition on the part of the animal, through which it 

 forms new complex representations and retains them 

 in its memory, and on the part of the trainer we have 

 intelligence which turns the powers of the animal to 

 account by making definite sensitive impressions work 

 upon them in regular succession. Thus he awakens in 

 the memory of the animal those associations of repre- 

 sentations which he intended to call forth by his system 

 of training. Consequently the training of animals only 



