168 Chapter VIII. 



5. By training, when man impresses on other 

 beings that are endowed with senses new associations 

 of representations and impulses, according to his indi- 

 vidual plans. 



6. By intelligent teaching (instruction), when one 

 intelligent being teaches another not only how to form 

 new associations of representations independently, but 

 also how to infer new conclusions from previous knowl- 

 edge. 



The conclusions that follow from this exposition, 

 are: 



1. All six forms of learning are found united only 

 in man. Animals, possess the first, or the first and the 

 fourth, or the first, second, fourth and fifth, according 

 to the degree of their psychic endowment. 



2. In ants as well as in higher animals the first, 

 second, fourth and fifth forms of learning can be ac- 

 tually identified. 



5. Only the third and sixth forms prove the ex- 

 istence of intelligence in the full sense of the word on 

 the part of him vvho learns; whilst the remainder do 

 not furnish such proofs. 



4. Hence, the statement of modern animal psy- 

 chology that "Learning by individual experience is a 

 criterion of intelligence" must be abandoned, as fully 

 unwarrantable. 



5. As the third and sixth forms are not found in 

 animals, we must state that "animal intelligence" does 

 not exist, 



