CONCLUSION. 



THE critical examination of the notion of intelligence, 

 as employed by modern animal psychology, has 

 shown us that the latter designates as " intelligence in 

 animals," what is no intelligence at all. It evidently 

 belongs to the sphere of instinctive sentiency. No trace 

 of intelligence, that is to say of a spiritual power of ab- 

 straction, is to be found either in higher or in lower 

 animals. Spiritual life begins only in man. It is in- 

 deed closely connected with, although essentially dif- 

 ferent from sensitive life, which man shares with the 

 higher vertebrates. Intelligence reaches far beyond 

 sensitive life. This is evident, above all, from the gift 

 of speech which is the expression of the logical activity 

 of man. It is speech that externally distinguishes the 

 psychic endowment of man from that of the animal; 

 but it is intelligence that makes man what he is, a hu- 

 man being. His sensitive-spiritual soul makes man the 

 crown of the visible creation. His reason and liberty 

 give him a position immeasurably higher than that of 

 the irrational animal, which follows its sensile impulses 

 without reflection, and cannot do otherwise. Through 

 his spiritual soul man is the image and likeness of the 

 Supreme, Uncreated Spirit, of God, his Creator. 



But here we stand before that well-known stum- 

 bling block which modern science cannot remove in 

 spite of all its endeavors : before the assumption of a 

 personal God, the Creator of the world. This is not 

 the place to develop, in detail, the theistic views of na- 

 ture and to justify them against the pleas of material- 



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