80 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND GENERA 



The way to use a key is explained in the prefatory 

 part to this volume (page xii). 



The general plan. 



The key is divided into two main parts: a key to the 

 families (page 80), and a key to the genera (page 86). 

 When the student has determined the family to which 

 the plant belongs, the further tracing of it is to be made 

 in the key to the genera; when the genus has been 

 found, he turns to its alphabetic place in one of the 

 volumes and there runs down the plant to its species. 



The families are arranged in accordance with the 

 following framework (for another and fuller outline of 

 the vegetable kingdom, see pages 



Families 



Division 1. Flowering Plants or Phanerogams 1-209 



Subdivision 1. Dicotyledons or Exogens 1-181 



Class 1. Angiosperms 1-176 



Subclass 1. Polypetala! 1-101 



Series 1. Thalamiflora? 1-39 



Cohort 1. Ranales 1- 12 



Cohort 2. Parietales 13-22 



Cohort 3. Polygalales 23- 25 



Cohort 4. Caryophyllales 26- 29 



Cohort 5. Guttiferales 30- 34 



Cohort 6. Malvales 35- 39 



Series 2. Disciflorae 40- 69 



Cohort 1. Geraniales 40- 53 



Cohort 2. Olacales 54- 56 



Cohort 3. Celastrales 57-60 



Cohort 4. Sapindales 61- 69 



Series 3. Calyciflorse 70-101 



Cohort 1. Rosales 70- 79 



Cohort 2. Myrtales 80-88 



Cohort 3. Passiflorales 89- 93 



Cohort 4. Ficoidales 94- 95 



Cohort 5. Umbellales 96-101 



Subclass 2. Gamopetahe 102-144 



Series 1. Infers 102-107 



Cohort 1. Rubiales 102-103 



Cohort 2. Asterales 104-106 



Cohort 3. Campanales 107 



Series 2. Heteromerse 108-120 



Cohort 1. Ericales 108-113 



Cohort 2. Primulales 114-116 



Cohort 3. Ebenales 117-120 



Series 3. Bicarpellata? 121-144 



Cohort 1. Gentianales 121-125 



Cohort 2. Polemoniales 126-131 



Cohort 3. Personales 132-138 



Cohort 4. Lamiales 139-144 



Subclass 3. Apetate or MonochlamydeK 145-176 



Series 1. Curvembryese 145-149 



Series 2. Multiovulata? Terrestres 150-151 



Series 3. Micrembryeas 152-156 



Series 4. Daphnes 157-160 



Series 5. Achlamydosporete 161-162 



Series 6. Unisexuales 163-174 



Series 7. Anomalous Families 175 170 



Class 2. Gymnosperms 177-181 



Subdivision 2. Monocotyledons or Endogens 182-209 



Series 1. Microspermse 182-183 



Series 2. Epigynse 184-193 



Series 3. Coronarie 194-196 



Series 4. Calycina; 197-198 



Series 5. Nudiflora? 199-203 



Series 6. Apocarpaj 204-207 



Series 7. Glumaceaj 208-209 



Division 2. Pteridophyta 210-223 



PART I. KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



(See page 86 for Part //.) 



Division 1. FLOWERING PLANTS OR PHANEROGAMS OR SPER- 

 MATOPHYTES: those producing real flowers and seeds (pages 80 

 to 86). 



Subdivision 1. DICOTYLEDONS. Sts. formed of bark, wood 

 and pith, the wood forming a zone between the other two, and 

 increasing when the st. continues from year to year by the annual 

 addition of a new layer to the outside next to the bark: Ivs. usually 

 netted-veined : "embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or, in 

 Subdivision 2, often 3 or more in a whorl: parts of the fl. mostly 

 in 4's or 5's (pages 80-84). 



Class 1. ANGIOSPERMS. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, 

 which contains the ovules: cotyledons 2. 



Subclass 1. POLYPETALJE. Calyx and corolla both present, 

 the latter of separate petals. (See exceptions l : sted under Sub- 

 class 2, Gamopetalse, page 82.) 



Series 1. THALAMIFLOR,*, Calyx mostly inserted under the 

 ovary; petals often in 2 or more series, sometimes 1 series; stamens 



co or definite, inserted on the often small or rawed or stipitate 

 receptacle, which is not developed into a glandular disk; ovary 

 very generally free. 



Cohort 1. RANALES. Stamens oo, O r if definite tHCn the perianth 

 in 3-os series; carpels 1 or more, usually distinct, rarely united. 

 (See exceptions in Saxifraguceee, also hypogynous Leguminosa.) 



A. Sepals 5, or fewer, or 0; petals in about 



1 series. 

 B. Seeds not arillate: sepals deciduous, 



usually colored : herbs or shrubs.. . . 1. RANUNCULACE*. 



BB. Seeds not arillate: calyx and corolla 

 wanting; ovary of 2 carpels but 

 l-celled. ....................... 7. EUCOMMIACE*. 



BBB. Seeds arillate: sepals persistent, her- 



baceous: shrubs or trees ........... 2. DILLENIACE*. 



AA. Sepals or petals in 2-> series, rarely 



wanting. 

 B. Plants not aquatic. 



c. Perianth wanting; stamens nu- 

 merous ; fls. polygamous, dice- 

 cious, or perfect. 

 D. Lvs. pinnately veined, alternate. 5. TROCHODENDRA- 



\crnm, 



DD. Lvs. palmately veined, opposite. 6. CERCIDIPHYL- 

 cc. Perianth present. [LACE*. 



D. Petals and stamens mostly o : 



pvules 1-co. 



E. Torus tubular, inclosing car- 

 pels: endosperm 0: Ivs. op- 

 posite: shrubs ............. 3. CALYCANTHACE. 



EE. Torus short or long, bearing 

 carpels outside: endosperm 

 copious : Ivs. alternate : 

 woody ................... 4. MAQNOLIACE.*:. 



DD. Petals 5: stamens 10: carpels 



5-10: ovule solitary: Ivs. op- 



posite. (See No. 68, Cori- 



ariacese. ) 



ODD. Petals and stamens mostly mul- 



tiples of 3 or 2. 



E. Stamens and carpels usually 

 numerous: ovules 1- : 

 sepals 3; petals 6; fls. bisex- 

 ual: shrubs or trees ......... 8. ANNONACE.S:. 



EE. Stamens usually 6: ovule 

 solitary: carpels 3; sepals 

 and petals usually 6: fls. 

 dioecious: mostly woody or 

 herbaceous vines ........... 9. MENISPERMACE-E. 



EEE. Stamens 4, 6, or 9; anthers 

 opening by 2 lids rarely 

 birimose : carpel 1 : ovules 

 2-oo ; fls. bisexual : herbs 

 or shrubs ................. 10. BERBERIDACEA. 



EEEE. Stamens usually 6; anthers 

 birimose: carpels mostly 3: 

 ovules many: fls. unisexual: 

 vine* or erect, woody ...... 11. LARDIZABALACE. 



BB. Plants aquatic .................... 12. NYMPH-EACE-E. 



A, Embryo minute, near the base of the 



fleshy endosperm. 

 B. Pitcher plants .................... 13. SARRACENIACE*. 



BB. Not pitcher plants. 



c. Petals all alike, or nearly so ....... 14. PAPAVERACE*. 



cc. Petals in 2 series, the inner unlike 



the outer ..................... 15. FUMAHIACE.E. 



AA. Embryo curved; endosperm 0. 



B. Stamens 6, tetradynamous, rarely 4. .,16. CRUCIKER.E. 

 BB. Stamens ,or, if few, not tetradyna- 



mous .......................... 17. CAPPARIDACE.K. 



BBB. Stamens usually , not covered in 

 aestivation by the small petals: 

 ovary often open above .......... 18. RESEDACE.*. 



AAA. Embryo not curved, rather large; 



endosperm fleshy. 

 B. Radicle remote from hilum: ovule 



generally orthotropous ........... 19. CISTACE^:. 



BB. Radicle very near hilum: ovule ana- 



tropous, or amphitropous. 

 c. Anthers dehisce introrsely: mostly 



herbs ........................ 20. ViOLACE.E. 



cc. Anthers dehisce extrorsely or at 



apex: insectivorous plants with 



capitate glandular tentacles on 



Ivs. (See No. 76, Droseracese.) 



ccc. Anthers dehisce by apical cracks or 



pores: woody. 

 D. Slime-cells present; receptacle 



not enlarged ................ 21. BIXACE*. 



DD. Slime-cells absent; receptacle 



enlarged .................... 22. FLACOURTIACE.*. 



cccc. Anthers versatile, dehiscing by 

 longitudinal fissures : woody. 

 (See No. 34, Stachyuraceie. ) 



