378 



ARBORICULTURE 



ARBORICULTURE 



ing lists. On the central Plains the quickly grown 

 trees may include the same willows and cottonwood 

 and also the box elder. The silver maple will not do 

 well in the greater part of this central region. On the 

 western Plains the list is essentially the same as for the 

 central portion: namely, the willows, cottonwood, and 

 the box elder, to which may be added, here and there, 

 one or more of the western species of cottonwood. 



The horticultural point of view is to be considered. 

 About country homes the first trees are usually cotton- 

 wood, silver maple and box elder, followed later by green 

 ash and white elm. Very commonly the red cedar is 



lanted with the first-mentioned species, and often 

 cotch and Austrian pines are added. It must be remem- 

 bered that the settler's house on the Plains stands in the 

 open instead of being hemmed in by forest trees, as in 

 the eastern parts of the American continent. The set- 

 tler's problem is to surround his house with trees, not 

 to clear the trees away. In towns and cities the cotton- 

 wood, silver maple and box elder are generally the 

 pioneer trees, since they produce a shade sooner than 

 any others, and later these are gradually replaced by 



TREES FOB PLANTING ON THE GREAT PLAINS. The 

 asterisks (*) indicate those trees that are not 

 native to the regions. 



358. Phoenix canariensis. One of the most serviceable 

 palms in California. 



green ash and white elm. Hackberry, black walnut and 

 buttonwopd are occasionally planted with good success. 

 The species which are most largely used for wind- 

 breaks for orchards and other plantations are common 

 cottonwood, willow (a variety of Salix alba), silver 

 maple and box elder. The first mentioned, because of 

 its easy propagation, rapid growth and extreme hardi- 

 ness, is the favorite tree for this purpose. When land- 

 scape gardening is attempted, the Scotch and Austrian 

 pines, Norway spruce and red cedar are generally used, 

 and to these are often added one or more species of 

 the Rocky Mountain spruces. The most generally used 

 deciduous tree for this purpose is the white elm (which 

 here attains to a singular beauty of form and foliage), to 

 which are occasionally added bur oak, black walnut and 

 Russian olive (Elaeagnus), and in proper situations, the 

 white willow. The coniferous trees of greatest value for 

 ornamental purposes on the Plains are the Austrian 

 pine, Scotch pine and red cedar. With proper care these 

 may be grown on all parts of the Plains where water 

 enough to maintain life may be obtained. On the 

 extreme eastern border, the Norway spruce and even 

 the balsam fir have proved valuable. Among deciduous 

 trees the white elm holds first place, followed by the 

 hackberry (which is not so much planted as it deserves) 

 and the green ash. CHARLES E. BESSEY. 



1. For the eastern plains. 



Abies balsamea.* 

 Abies concolor.* 

 Acer platanoidea.* 

 Ailanthus altissima.* 

 Carya ovata. 

 Catalpa speciosa.* 

 Celtis occidentalis. 

 Fraxinus americana. 

 Gleditsia triacanthoa. 

 Juglans nigra. 

 Picea alba.* 



Pieea excelsa* (Fig. 356). 



Picea pungens.* 



Pinus austriaca.* 



Pinus sylvestris.* 



Prunus serotina. 



Quercus alba. 



Kobinia Pseudacacia.* 



Salix vitellina.* 



Ulmus americana(Fig. 357). 



I Iniu - fulva. 



and the following quick-growing but temporary trees: 



Acer Negundo. 

 Acer saccharinum. 

 Populus Sargentii. 



2. For the central plains. 



Catalpa apeciosa.* 

 Celtis occidentalis. 

 Fraxinus lanccolata. 

 Gleditsia triaeanthos. 

 Picea canadensis.* 

 Pinua divaricata.* 



Salix amygdaloides. 

 Salix nigra. 



Pinus scopulorum. 

 Prunus serotina. 

 Robinia P.seudiicacia.* 

 Ulmus americana. 

 Ulmus fulva. 



and the following quick-growing but temporary trees: 



Acer Negundo. Salix amygdaloides. 



Populus Sargentii. Salix nigra. 



and in the southern parts: 



Elseagnus angustifolia.* Pinus austriaca.* 



Maclura aurantiaca, Nutt. Pinus sylvestris.* 



also black walnut and bur oak if seed is planted 

 where tree is to stand permanently. 



3. For the high western plains. 



Celtis occidentalis. 

 Juniperus scopulorum. 

 Pinus divaricata.* 



and the following quick-growing but temporary trees: 



Pinus scopulorum. 

 Robinia Pseudacacia.* 

 Ulmus americana. 



Acer Negundo. 

 Populus acuminata. 

 Populus Sargentii. 



and nearer the mountains: 



Acer Negundo. 

 Acer platanoides.* 

 Elfieagnus angustifolia.* 

 Fraxinus lanceolata. 



Salix amygdaloides. 

 Salix nigra. 



Gleditsia triacanthos.* 

 Juglans nigra.* 

 Populus Sargentii. 

 Tilia americana.* 



Seeds or seedlings grown in the region in which they 

 are to be planted are the most reliable. Young trees 

 or seedlings succeed better than older and larger ones. 

 Varieties native in moist climates or in foreign countries 

 should be avoided unless their adaptability has been 

 proved. Young plants, like young animals, are easily 

 killed and must have extra care. c. L. WATROUS. 



C. E. BESSEY. 



Trees grown for shade and ornament in California. 



The mild and equable climate of California allows a 

 wide range of available species from which to select 

 trees for shade, ornament and shelter. There is, never- 

 theless, some considerable variation in the species, which 

 are characteristic of the plantings in different parts of 

 the state, that has arisen from variations in soil and 

 climatic conditions. 



On account of the long rainy season, the low humidity 

 of the atmosphere and the relatively high mean, and 

 freedom from low winter minima in temperatures, the 

 trees that thrive best in middle California are those 

 indigenous to the arid and semi-arid warm temperate 

 regions of the globe, e. g., southern Australia, the Medi- 

 terranean region, south Africa, northern Mexico and 

 Chile, together with those native species which deserve 

 a place. As one goes into the southern part of the state, 

 some of these species drop out and others markedly 



