ARPOPHYLLUM 



ARTABOTRYS 



397 



ARPOPHYLLUM (cimiler and leaf). Orchidacex. 

 Epiphytic evergreen orchids, with 1-lvd. sts. arising 

 from creeping rhizomes: Ivs. coriaceous or fleshy: fls. 

 numerous, sessile, in dense cylindric spikes; sepals and 

 petals nearly alike, spreading; lip adnate to base of the 

 erect column, narrowed above the somewhat saccate 

 base; pollinia 8. About 6 species, natives of Mex., 

 Cent. Amer., and W. Indies. 



giganteum, Lindl. Sts. stout, up to 1 ft. tall: Ivs. 

 12-16 in. long: spike dense, up to 1 ft. long; fls. rose- 

 purple, the broadly obovate lip deeper. Mex. and 

 Guatemala. 



spicatum, Llav. & Lex. Fig. 383. Sts. up to 8 in. tall: 

 Ivs. up to 1 ft. long: spike dense, 3-6 in. long; fls. less 

 than J/in. across, numerous; sepals and petals rose- 

 purple; lip bright purple. Mex. B.M. 6022. 



GEORGE V. NASH. 



ARRACACIA (Spanish name of the plants). Urnbel- 

 liferse. Also spelled Arracacha. Twenty to 30 species of 

 perennial herbs closely allied to Conium, with calyx- 

 teeth very small or wanting, petals broad, acuminate 

 and inflexed, white to dark purple, fls. in large com- 

 pound umbels: Ivs. pinnately compound or decompound. 

 A. xanthorrhlza, Bancr. (A. esculenta, DC.), produces 

 edible tuberous roots much eaten by residents of 

 N. S. Amer.; these tubers have branches or lobes the 

 size of carrots, and are boiled. A. Dugesii, Coulter & 

 Rose, Cent. Amer., is reported as a botanic-garden 

 plant. It is tall and coarse, aromatic: Ivs. much 

 decompound, segm. linear. 



ARRHENATHERUM (Greek arren, masculine, and 

 ather, awn, in reference to the awned staminate flower). 

 Graminese. OAT GRASS. Tall perennials with flat bladea 

 and long narrow panicles: spikelets 2-fld., the lower 

 staminate, its lemma bearing a geniculate twisted 

 dorsal awn, the upper perfect, short-awned or awnless. 

 Species 6, Medit. region. One species, tall oat -grass 

 (.1. elatius, Beauv.), is cult, as a meadow grass. Dept. 

 Agric., Div. Agrost. 20:95. There has been recently 

 intro. into the eastern states a variety (var. tuberdsum, 

 Halac. A. bidbbsum, Presl ) that bears at the base of 

 the culms a short chain of corms. A variegated form 

 of this has been offered under the name A. bulbosum 

 variegatum. A. S. HITCHCOCK. 



ARROW-ROOT. An edible starch, derived from the 

 rhizomes of various scitaminaceous plants, as Maranta, 

 Curcuma, Tacca, Canna. The West Indian arrow-root 

 is mostly from Maranta arundinacea. The Brazilian is 

 from Manihot utilissima. The East Indian is chiefly 

 from Curcuma angustifolia. Potato and maize starches 

 are also a source of arrow-root. In the United States 

 starch is secured from Cassava (Manihot utilissima) 

 and is used as a substitute for arrow-root. See Cyclo. 

 Amer. Agric., Vol. II, p. 199, with figure of Maranta 

 arundinacea. 



ARTABOTRYS (Greek, suspended grapes, alluding 

 to the clustered fruit suspended by the hooked 

 peduncle). Annonacex. CLIMBING YLANG-YLANG. TAIL- 

 GRAPE. Woody tropical climbers or scrambling shrubs, 

 remarkable for their curiously hooked peduncles, and 

 prized for the fragrance of their flowers. 



Leaves smooth, evergreen, alternate: petals 6 in 2 

 series, both series valyate or edge-to-edge, in most 

 species flat but in certain Malayan and African species 

 terete or club-shaped, with a broad excavated base, 

 above which they are constricted and connivent over 

 the essential parts, which they almost conceal, the flat or 

 terete limb above the constriction usually spreading 

 and ascending, sometimes slightly incurved: stamens 

 typically annonaceous, closely packed, wedge-shaped or 

 oblong with 2 dorsal pollen-sacs on the back of the thick 

 filament and connective produced above them in the 



form of a dilated hood or cap: ovaries several, seldom 

 numerous, each with 2 erect basal ovules side by 

 side; styles variable, sometimes oblong or club-shaped 

 and reflexed, sometimes erect or very small ; ripe car- 

 pels separate, borne in a cluster on the hardened torus 

 or receptacle, either sessile or stipitate, more or less 

 plum-like or olive-like, and normally containing 2 flat- 

 tened seeds with hard bony testa, rising side by side 

 from the base, grooved around the margin and contain- 

 ing the wrinkled albumen characteristic of all Annona- 

 ceae. E. Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and Trop. Afr. 

 About 40 species thus far described, several of them 

 cult, in tropical countries and grown in conservatories 

 for their fragrant fls. 



Several of the most common species have been con- 

 fused. Artabotrys uncinatus was described by Lamarck 

 under the name Annona undnata in 1786. It was sup- 

 posed to be identical with Artabotrys odoratissimus, R. 

 Br., the type species of the genus, which was established 

 in 1819. Its flowers, however, are described as having 

 ovate-lanceolate petals with a brownish red upper part 



383. Arpophyllum spicatum. (X : . 



(or limb), and with broad claws at the base, cottony, 

 concave within at the base and constricted between the 

 claw and the blade. It is consequently to be identified 

 with Artabotrys odoratissimus of Blume, which is dis- 

 tinct from A. odoratissimus, R. Br., and which was 

 described as A. Blumei by Hooker & Thomson; while 

 A. odoratissimus of Hooker & Thomson is to be re- 

 ferred to A. hamatus of Blume; and A. intermedius, 

 Hassk., is regarded as a variety of A. odoratissimus, R. 

 Br. 



A. Shape of petals lanceolate or ovate, flat. 



B. Petals glabrous, more than an inch long. 

 odoratissimus, R. Br. CLIMBING YLANG-YLANG. 



ALANG-ILANG SONGSONG. TAIL -GRAPE. ALANG- 

 ILANG DE CHINA. A woody climber or half-scandent 

 shrub: young branches puberulous, at length glabrous: 

 Ivs. short-petioled, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acu- 

 minate, acute at the base, thin, coriaceous, both sides 

 glabrous, glossy, reticulate between the lateral nerves: 

 hooked peduncles 1- or 2-fld., extra-axillary, usually 

 opposite a If. or subterminal; fls. rather large, greenish 

 to yellow, very fragrant; petals flat, glabrous, or silky- 

 puberulous at the base, thick and coriaceous, lanceolate 

 to oblong-lanceolate, nearly 2 in. long when full-grown, 

 constricted near the base and connivent over the essen- 

 tial parts, widely spreading above the constriction, 

 inner petals similar to the outer but slightly smaller; 

 stamens numerous, short and thick, wedge-shaped, 

 with the connective broadly dilated above the 2 pollen- 

 sacs, which are adnate on the back of the fleshy filament 

 and open extrorsely by longitudinal fissures; ovaries 



