BREVOORTIA 



BRITISH NORTH AMERICA 559 



Half-hardy. Needs partial shade and a deep, loose soil, 

 thoroughly drained, and with some leaf-mold. Conn 

 the size of a nutmeg. CARL PURDY. 



BREWERIA (Samuel Brewer was an English bota- 

 nist of 18th century). ConvolvuLacex. Perennial herbs, 

 rarely somewhat woody: fls. much like those of Con- 

 volvulus but the styles distinct or partly so, the corolla 



651. Low- and high-yielding strains of Rural New Yorker potato 

 developed by hill-selection within the progeny of a single tuber. 



pubescent outside in the bud: 1 vs. simple, entire. Trail- 

 ing plants of 30 or more species in warm climates. 



grandiflora, Gray. Root tuberous: st. pubescent: Ivs. 

 broad-ovate or oblong-ovate and very short-stalked: 

 peduncles 1-fld.; fl. very large (3 in. long), bright blue 

 and showy, funnel-shaped: caps, large and globose- 

 ovoid or ovoid. Fla. Intro, by Reasoner Bros. One 

 species of Breweria (B. Pickeringii, Gray) occurs from 

 N. J. and 111. south, and a few other species are also 

 native farther south in the U. S. N TAYLOR, f 



BRE^NIA (for J. P. Breyn, a German botanist of 

 17th century). Euphorbiacess. Tropical shrubs or trees, 

 rarely cult. Lvs. alternate, simple: fls. small, in short 

 axillary clusters, monoecious, apetalousj calyx imbri- 

 cate: styles 2-parted: ft. a red berry. Related to Phyl- 

 lanthus: about 15 snecies in Tron. Asia and Pacific 

 Isls. 13. turbinata (Phyllantlms turbinalus, Sims). B.M. 

 1862. L.B.C. 8:731, may be the same as Andrachne 

 fruticosa. j. B . s. XORION. 



BRICKELLIA (Dr. John Brickell, an early American 

 naturalist). Coleosanlhus, Cass. Compdsitse. About 40 

 species of herbs or small shrubs in the warmer parts of 

 the U. S. and Mex., only one of which seems to be in the 

 trade. Somewhat allied to Eupatorium, from which it 

 differs in having 10-ribbed achenes. Lvs. veiny, either 

 opposite or alternate: fls. white, cream-colored or flesh- 

 colored, small, with pappus either scale-like or somewhat 

 plumose, involucral bracts striate-nerved : achenes 

 striate. Prop, by cuttings under a bell-jar. 



grandifldra, Nutt. TASSEL FLOWER. Nearly gla- 

 brous, 2-3 ft., branchy above: Ivs. triangular-cordate or 

 triangular-lanceolate above, coarsely toothed: heads 

 about 40-fld., drooping, in large panicles, tassel-shaped 

 and yellowish white. Rocky Mts. Recommended for 

 moist shady borders, and best grown in a mixture of 

 leaf-mold, loam and sand. fj . TAYIXDR t 



BRIDAL WREATH: Spiraea pnmifolia. 



BRIER. In America, commonly applied to brambles 

 or thorny plants of the genus Rubus, especially black- 

 berries. In the Old World, it is applied to large wild- 

 growing roses. 



BRITISH NORTH AMERICA, Horticulture in. 

 The vast territory of British North America, as under- 

 stood in this article, comprises the Colony of Newfound- 

 land and the Dominion of Canada. Much of the terri- 

 tory is so little developed horticulturally, and most of 

 the provinces are so very large, that rather extended 

 attention is given here to the adaptabilities of the dif- 

 ferent political divisions. The map (Fig. 652, page 560) 

 shows the outlines of the territory under consideration, 

 and its relation to the northernmost part of the U. S. 



Horticulture in Newfoundland has so far not devel- 

 oped to a great extent and the island is not thought of as 

 a horticultural region; but the colony has great possi- 

 bilities in this direction. The winter temperatures are 

 not so low iis in some parts of Canada where apple trees 

 grow well; and with care and protection from wind the 

 hardiest summer and autumn varieties can be grown. 

 The Canada plum (Primus nigra) is a native of the 

 southern part of the island and no doubt good varieties 

 of this could be produced. The European or domestic 

 plums can also be grown successfully near the coast 

 where protected from the high winds, but owing to the 

 moist air they are very liable to become covered with 

 moss and lichens. Bush-fruits thrive, and strawberries 

 and gooseberries succeed particularly well, and English 

 varieties of both these fruits, which do so poorly in 

 Canada on account of the hot, dry summers, are giving 

 admirable results. In winter the plants are well protected 

 by a deep covering of snow. The hardier vegetables 

 flourish, and large quantities of potatoes are grown by 

 the settlers. 



Owing to the relatively moist summer, annuals and 

 herbaceous perennials do particularly well, it being 

 possible to have almost or quite as beautiful a garden 

 there as in eastern Canada. 



In the Dominion of Canada, horticulture has become 

 one of the most important industries. In fruit-growing, 

 in floriculture, in vegetable-culture and in the beautifying 

 of cities, towns, and private grounds, Canadians are 

 fully alive to the possibilities of their country; and the 

 rapid development of horticulture in all its branches is 

 an indication of the success that has attended those 

 engaged in its pursuits. 



The history of horticulture in Canada dates from 

 the early settlement at Annapolis Royal in Acadia, now 

 Nova Scotia, in 1605, and from the founding of the 

 city of Quebec, now in the province of Quebec, in 1608. 

 There is a definite statement as early as 1663 that 

 apple trees were growing near the banks of some of the 

 rivers in Acadia. There are also records of trees grow- 

 ing in the province of Quebec about that time. In the 

 province of Ontario, it was about the beginning of the 

 eighteenth century before horticulture began appre- 

 ciably to develop, while in British Columbia, which has 

 made such rapid advances in recent years, fruit trees 

 were not planted until about the middle of the nine- 

 teenth century. Owing to inadequate means of trans- 

 portation, the development of fruit-culture was not 

 rapid in any part of Canada until within the past half- 

 century, but now the extension of orchards, small 

 fruit-plantations, glasshouses, and truck-farms is very 

 marked every year. 



The census of Canada for 1911 gives the following 

 figures: Total number of fruit trees in Canada, 20,812, 

 556; area occupied by fruit trees in Canada, 376,322 

 acres; estimated capital value of fruit trees in Canada, 

 $127,000,000. The quantity of fruit grown in Canada 

 is not known, but the Trade and Navigation Returns 

 for the year ending March 31, 1912, show the exports 

 of fruit from all ports to be: 



Value 



Dried apples, 3,149,620 pounds 8248,035 



Fresh apples, 1,664,165 barrels 5,104,107 



Berries 106,486 



All other fruits 159,293 



Canned and preserved fruits 257,590 



