104 The Outline of Science 



lion, ami the cave-bear, became extinct. Others which formerly 

 had a wide range became restricted to the Far North or were left 

 isolated here and there on the high mountains, like the Snow 

 MMUM-. which now occurs on isolated Alpine heights above the 

 snow-line. Perhaps it was during this period that many birds of 

 the Northern Hemisphere learned to evade the winter by the sub- 

 lime device of migration. 



Looking backwards we may quote Professor Schuchert 

 again : 



"The lands in the Cenozoic began to bloom with more and 

 more flowering plants and grand hardwood forests., the at- 

 mosphere is scented with sweet odours, a vast crowd of new 

 kinds of insects appear, and the places of the once dominant 

 reptiles of the lands and seas are taken by the mammals. Out 

 of these struggles there rises a greater intelligence, seen in 

 nearly all of the mammal stocks, but particularly in one, the 

 monkey-ape-man. Brute man appears on the scene with 

 the introduction of the last glacial climate, a most trying time 

 for all things endowed with life, and finally there results the 

 dominance of reasoning man over all his brute associates." 



In man and human society the story of evolution has its climax. 



The Ascent of Man 



Man stands apart from animals in his power of building up 

 general ideas and of using these in the guidance of his behaviour 

 and the control of his conduct. This is essentially wrapped up 

 with his development of language as an instrument of thought. 

 Some animals have words, but man has language ( Logos) . Some 

 animals show evidence of perceptual inference, but man often 

 gets beyond this to conceptual inference (Reason). Many ani- 

 mals are affectionate and brave, self-forgetful and industrious, 

 but man "thinks the ought," definitely guiding his conduct in the 

 light of ideals, which in turn are wrapped up with the fact that 

 he is "a social person." 



Besides his big brain, which may be three times as heavy as 



