l.-,(i The Outline of Science 



conservative anatomist, Sir Richard Owen, said, there is between 

 them "an all-pervading similitude of structure." Differences, 

 of course, there are, but they are not momentous except man's 

 big brain, which may be three times as heavy as that of a gorilla. 

 The average human brain weighs about 48 ounces; the gorilla 

 brain does not exceed 20 ounces at its best. The capacity of the 

 human skull is never less than 55 cubic inches; in the orang and 

 the chimpanzee the figures are 26 and 27% respectively. We 

 are not suggesting that the most distinctive features of man are 

 such as can be measured and weighed, but it is important to 

 notice that the main seat of his mental powers is physically far 

 ahead of that of the highest of the anthropoid apes. 



Man alone is thoroughly erect after his infancy is past; his 

 head weighted with the heavy brain does not droop forward as the 

 ape's does; with his erect attitude there is perhaps to be associated 

 his more highly developed vocal organs. Compared with an 

 anthropoid ape, man has a bigger and more upright forehead, a 

 less protrusive face region, smaller cheek-bones and eyebrow 

 ridges, and more uniform teeth. He is almost unique in having a 

 chin. Man plants the sole of his foot flat on the ground, his big 

 toe is usually in a line with the other toes, and he has a better 

 heel than any monkey has. The change in the shape of the head 

 is to be thought of in connection with the enlargement of the 

 brain, and also in connection with the natural reduction of the 

 muzzle region when the hand was freed from being an organ of 

 support and became suited for grasping the food and conveying 

 it to the mouth. 



Everyone is familiar in man's clothing with traces of the 

 past persisting in the present, though their use has long since dis- 

 appeared. There are buttons on the back of the waist of the 

 morning coat to which the tails of the coat used to be fastened up, 

 and there are buttons, occasionally with buttonholes, at the wrist 

 H-hich were once useful in turning up the sleeve. The same is 

 true of man's body, which is a veritable museum of relics. Some 



