17C, The Outline of Science 



were made. Moreover, the occurrence of out-breeding when two 

 races met, in peace or in war, would certainly serve to induce fresh 

 starts. Very important in the evolution of human races must 

 have been the alternating occurrence of periods of in-breeding 

 (endogamy), tending to stability and sameness, and periods of 

 out-breeding (exogamy), tending to changefulness and diversity. 



Thus we may distinguish several more or less clearly defined 

 primitive races of mankind notably the African, the Australian, 

 the Mongolian, and the Caucasian. The woolly-haired African 

 race includes the negroes and the very primitive bushmen. The 

 wavy- to curly-haired Australian race includes the Jungle Tribes 

 of the Deccan, the Vedda of Ceylon, the Jungle Folk or Semang, 

 and the natives of unsettled parts of Australia all sometimes 

 slumped together as "Pre-Dravidians." The straight-haired 

 Mongols include those of Tibet, Indo-China, China, and For- 

 mosa, those of many oceanic islands, and of the north from Japan 

 to Lapland. The Caucasians include Mediterraneans, Semites, 

 Nordics, Afghans, Alpines, and many more. 



There are very few corners of knowledge more difficult than 

 that of the Races of Men, the chief reason being that there has 

 been so much movement and migration in the course of the ages. 

 One physical type has mingled with another, inducing strange 

 amalgams and novelties. If we start with what might be called 

 "zoological" races or strains differing, for instance, in their hair 

 ( woolly -haired Africans, straight-haired Mongols, curly- or 

 wavy-haired Pre-Dravidians and Caucasians), we find these 

 replaced by peoples who are mixtures of various races, "brethren 

 by civilisation more than by blood." As Professor Flinders 

 Petrie has said, the only meaning the term "race" now can have- 

 is that of a group of human beings whose type has been unified 

 by their rate of assimilation exceeding the rate of change pro- 

 duced by the infiltration of foreign elements. It is probable, 

 however, that the progress of precise anthropology will make it 

 possible to distinguish the various racial "strains" that make up 



