The Dawn of Mind 



how. But in mammals these are often expressed along with, 

 or as it were through, the controlled life of intelligent activity, 

 where there is more clear-cut perceptual influence. 



Higher still are the records or memories of individual experi- 

 ence and the registration of individual habits, while on the sur- 

 face is the instreaming multitude of messages from the outside 

 world, like raindrops and hailstones on the stream, some of them 

 penetrating deeply, being, as we say, full of meaning. The mind 

 of the higher animal is in some respects like a child's mind, in 

 having little in the way of clear-cut ideas, in showing no reason 

 in the strict sense, and in its extraordinary educability, but 

 it differs from the child's mind entirely in the sure effective- 

 ness of a certain repertory of responses. It is efficient to a 

 degree. 



"Until at last arose the Man." 



Man's brain is more complicated than that of the higher apes 

 gorilla, orang, and chimpanzee and it is relatively larger. 

 But the improvements in structure do not seem in themselves 

 sufficient to account for man's great advance in intelligence. 

 The rill of inner life has become a swift stream, sometimes a 

 rushing torrent. Besides perceptual inference or Intelligence 

 a sort of picture-logic, which some animals likewise have there 

 is conceptual inference or Reason an internal experimenting 

 with general ideas. Even the cleverest animals, it would seem, 

 do not get much beyond playing with "particulars"; man plays 

 an internal game of chess with "universals." Intelligent be- 

 haviour may go a long way with mental images; rational con- 

 duct demands general ideas. It may be, however, that 

 "percepts" and "concepts" differ rather in degree than in kind, 

 and that the passage from one to the other meant a higher power 

 of forming associations. A clever dog has probably a generalised 

 percept of man, as distinguished from a memory-image of the 

 particular men it has known, but man alone has the concept Man, 



